As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 28, 2024

Registration No. 333‑

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549

FORM S‑1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

500 Union Street, Suite 810

Seattle, Washington 98101

206‑903‑1351

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Ronald P. Erickson

Chief Executive Officer

500 Union Street, Suite 810

Seattle, Washington 98101

206‑903‑1351

(Names, address, including zip code and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Joshua E. Little

Dentons Durham Jones Pinegar P.C.

192 East 200 North, 3rd Floor

St. George, UT 84770

(435) 674-0400

joshua.e.little@dentons.com

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this registration statement is declared effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post‑effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post‑effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non‑accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission acting pursuant to such Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED MARCH 28, 2024

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

KNOW LABS, INC.

10,800,000 Shares of Common Stock

This prospectus relates to the resale, from time to time, by the selling stockholder identified in this prospectus under the caption “Selling Stockholder,” of up to 4,800,000 shares of Common Stock of Know Labs, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the “Company”), $0.001 par value (the “Common Stock”), which are issuable upon conversion of a secured, convertible note in the principal amount of $4,800,000 (the “Note”), at an initial conversion price of $1.00 per share, subject to adjustment, and up to 6,000,000 shares of Common Stock underlying a common stock purchase warrant (the “Warrant”) at an initial exercise price of $0.80 per share.

For the details about the selling stockholder, please see “Selling Stockholder.” The selling stockholder may sell these shares from time to time in the principal market on which our Common Stock is traded at the prevailing market price, in negotiated transactions, or through any other means described in the section titled “Plan of Distribution.” The selling stockholder may be deemed an underwriter within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, of the shares of Common Stock that they are offering. We will pay the expenses of registering these shares. We will not receive proceeds from the sale of our shares by the selling stockholder that are covered by this prospectus.

The shares are being registered to permit the selling stockholder, or its pledgees, donees, transferees or other successors-in-interest, to sell the shares from time to time in the public market. We do not know when or in what amount the selling stockholder may offer the securities for sale. The selling stockholder may sell some, all or none of the securities offered by this prospectus.

Our common stock is quoted on the NYSE American under the symbol “KNW.” On March 25, 2024, the closing price of our common stock on the NYSE American was $0.65 per share.

The selling stockholder may sell its shares of Common Stock described in this prospectus in a number of different ways, at prevailing market prices or privately negotiated prices and there is no termination date of the selling stockholder’s offering.

You should read this prospectus, together with additional information described under the headings “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference” and “Where You Can Find More Information”, carefully before you invest in any of our securities.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” starting on page 8 of this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is __________, 2024

TABLE OF CONTENTS

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus that we may specifically authorize to be delivered or made available to you. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with any information other than that contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus we may authorize to be delivered or made available to you. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus may only be used where it is legal to offer and sell our securities. The information in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of our securities. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date. We are not making an offer of these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer is not permitted.

Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “Know Labs,” the “Company”, “we,” “us” and “our” in this prospectus refer to Know Labs, Inc., and its subsidiaries and “this offering” refers to the offering contemplated in this prospectus.

INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

This prospectus includes information with respect to market and industry conditions and market share from third-party sources or based upon estimates using such sources when available. We believe that such information and estimates are reasonable and reliable. We also believe the information extracted from publications of third-party sources has been accurately reproduced. However, we have not independently verified any of the data from third-party sources. Similarly, our internal research is based upon our understanding of industry conditions, and such information has not been verified by any independent sources.

TRADEMARKS, TRADE NAMES AND SERVICE MARKS

We own or have rights to trademarks, service marks and trade names that we use in connection with the operation of our business, including our corporate name, logos and website names. Other trademarks, service marks and trade names appearing in this report are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, some of the trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this report are listed without the ® and ™ symbols, but we will assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to our trademarks, service marks and trade names. This report may include trademarks, service marks and trade names owned by us or other companies. All trademarks, service marks and trade names included in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners.

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights selected information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary is not complete and does not contain all of the information that you should consider before deciding whether to invest in our securities. You should carefully read the entire prospectus, including the risks associated with an investment in our company discussed in the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus, before making an investment decision. Some of the statements in this prospectus are forward‑looking statements. See the section titled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward‑Looking Statements.”

OUR COMPANY

Overview

Know Labs is an emerging leader in non-invasive medical diagnostics. We are focused on the development and commercialization of our proprietary sensor technology utilizing radio and microwave spectroscopy. When paired with our machine learning platform, our technology is capable of uniquely identifying and measuring almost any material or analyte using electromagnetic energy to detect, record, identify, and measure the unique “signature” of said materials or analytes. 

The first application of our sensor technology is in a product to non-invasively monitor blood glucose levels. Our device will provide the user with real-time information on their blood glucose levels.  We recently announced our Generation 1 working prototype device.  This device embodies the sensor which has been used in internal clinical testing.  We have also announced the work our R&D team is doing on the Generation 2 of our device, which is a wearable format and could be a final form factor, ready for commercial application. We are expanding our testing, both internally and externally, and will refine the device over time, which will require FDA clearance before entering the market.

Following FDA clearance of our non-invasive blood glucose monitoring device, Know Labs plans to expand its sensor technology to other non-invasive medical diagnostic applications. As a platform technology, it can identify numerous other analytes in the human body that are important in medical diagnostics and human health and wellness.

While medical diagnostics applications, with blood glucose monitoring paramount, are the focus of Know Labs, the Company’s proprietary radio frequency and microwave spectroscopy platform have broad applicability outside of the medical diagnostic realm.  Over time, as resources allow, the Company will explore those opportunities.

The Know Labs Technology

We have internally and under contract with third parties developed proprietary platform technology to uniquely identify and measure almost any organic and inorganic material or analyte. Our patented technology directs electromagnetic energy in the radio wave and microwave frequencies through a substance or material to capture a unique molecular signature. We then perform analytics which will allow the Company to accurately identify and measure materials and analytes. 

Our technology provides a unique platform upon which a myriad of applications can be developed. Our radio frequency spectroscopy technology is an “enabling” technology that brings the science of electromagnetic energy to low-cost, real-world commercialization opportunities across multiple industries. The technology is foundational and, as such, the basis upon which we believe significant businesses can be built. While we are pursuing our core focus on commercializing our non-invasive glucose monitor, we believe non-core clinical, non-clinical and medical research applications represent a multitude of opportunities for strategic collaboration, joint development, and licensing agreements with leading companies in their respective industries.

We believe an important competitive differentiator for our sensor technology to be its ability to not only identify a wide range of organic and inorganic materials and analytes, but to do so non-invasively, and in real-time, which potentially enables new multivariate models of clinical diagnostics, and health and wellness monitoring.

Competitive Advantages

We believe our key competitive strengths include:

Growth Strategy

The key elements of our strategy to grow our business include:

Corporate Information

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on October 8, 1998. Our executive office is located at 500 Union Street, Suite 810, Seattle, WA 98101. Our telephone number is (206) 903-1351 and our principal website address is located at www.knowlabs.co. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference in and is not deemed a part of this prospectus.

THE OFFERING

The number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately following this offering is based on 82,512,146 shares outstanding as of March 25, 2024 and excludes:

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD‑LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward‑looking statements that are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to us. All statements other than statements of historical facts are forward‑looking statements. The forward‑looking statements are contained principally in, but not limited to, the sections entitled “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business.” These statements relate to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward‑looking statements. Forward‑looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

In some cases, you can identify forward‑looking statements by terms such as “may,” “could,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “project” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These statements are only predictions. You should not place undue reliance on forward‑looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which are, in some cases, beyond our control and which could materially affect results. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under the heading “Risk Factors” in this prospectus and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, subsequent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended December 31, 2023, and our other filings with the SEC, all of which are incorporated by reference. If one or more of these risks or uncertainties occur, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual events or results may vary significantly from those implied or projected by the forward‑looking statements. No forward‑looking statement is a guarantee of future performance.

The forward‑looking statements made in this prospectus relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this prospectus. Although we will become a public company after this offering and have ongoing disclosure obligations under United States federal securities laws, we do not intend to update or otherwise revise the forward‑looking statements in this prospectus, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before deciding whether to purchase our securities, including the shares of common stock offered by this prospectus, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described under “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the period ended December 31, 2023, and our other filings with the SEC, all of which are incorporated by reference herein. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected and we may not be able to achieve our goals, the value of our securities could decline and you could lose some or all of your investment. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also significantly impair our business operations. If any of these risks occur, our business, results of operations or financial condition and prospects could be harmed. In that event, the market price of our common stock, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Some statements in this prospectus, including statements in the following risk factors, constitute forward-looking statements. Please refer to the section titled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Summary of Risk Factors

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks summarized below. These risks are discussed more fully in the “Risk Factors” section immediately following this summary. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock 

RISK FACTORS

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully read and consider all of the risks described below, together with all of the other information contained or referred to in this report, before making an investment decision with respect to our common stock. If any of the following events occur, our financial condition, business and results of operations (including cash flows) may be materially adversely affected.  In that event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We need additional financing to support our technology development and ongoing operations, pay our debts and maintain ownership of our intellectual property.

We are currently operating at a loss and using substantial cash to fund our operation. We believe that our cash on hand will be sufficient to fund our operations through August 31, 2024. We may need additional financing to implement our business plan and to service our ongoing operations, pay our current debts (described below) and maintain ownership of our intellectual property. There can be no assurance that we will be able to secure any needed funding, or that if such funding is available, the terms or conditions would be acceptable to us. If we are unable to obtain additional financing when it is needed, we will need to restructure our operations and/or divest all or a portion of our business. We are seeking additional capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings and strategic collaborations. Debt financing, if obtained, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, and could increase our expenses and require that our assets secure such debt. Equity financing, if obtained, could result in dilution to our then-existing stockholders and/or require such stockholders to waive certain rights and preferences. If such financing is not available on satisfactory terms, or is not available at all, we may be required to delay, scale back, eliminate the development of business opportunities and our operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.  There can be no assurance that we will be able to sell that number of shares, if any. 

We need to continue as a going concern if our business is to succeed.

Because we have generated limited revenues and currently operate at a loss, we are completely dependent on the continued availability of financing in order to continue our business. There can be no assurance that financing sufficient to enable us to continue our operations will be available to us in the future.

We have cash and cash equivalents of $4,821,000 and net working capital of approximately $3,796,000 (exclusive of convertible notes payable) as of December 31, 2023. We anticipate that we will record losses from operations for the foreseeable future. We believe that we have enough available cash to operate until August 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, our accumulated deficit was $125,351,000. We intend to seek additional cash via equity and debt offerings. As a result of not having at least twelve months of cash available and not having any firm commitment for debt or equity financing, substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue on a going concern exists. 

We have financed our corporate operations and our technology development through the issuance of convertible debentures, the issuance of preferred stock, the sale of common stock and the exercise of warrants. During the remainder of 2024, we expect to raise additional funds through the issuance of preferred stock, convertible debentures or equity.

The proceeds of warrants currently outstanding, to the extent not exercised on a cashless basis, may generate potential proceeds. We cannot provide assurance that any of these warrants will be exercised.

As of December 31, 2023, we owed approximately $2,958,000 and if we do not satisfy these obligations, the lenders may have the right to demand payment in full or exercise other remedies.

We owe $2,762,000 under various convertible promissory notes as of December 31, 2023, including $1,301,000 to Clayton Struve who owns 100% of outstanding Series C preferred stock and D preferred stock, and $1,461,000 owed to entities controlled by Ronald P. Erickson, our CEO and Chairman. Mr. Erickson and/or entities with which he is affiliated also have accounts payable and accrued liabilities $196,000 as of December 31, 2023 related to accrued interest. We may need additional financing, to service and/or repay these debt obligations. If we raise additional capital through borrowing or other debt financing, we may incur substantial interest expense. If and when we raise more equity capital in the future, it will result in substantial dilution to our current stockholders. 

We have a history of operating losses and there can be no assurance that we can achieve or maintain profitability.

We have experienced net losses since inception. As of December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $125,351,000 and net losses in the amount of $3,447,000, $15,289,000 and $20,071,000 during the three months ended December 31, 2023 and years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There can be no assurance that we will achieve or maintain profitability. If we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. Failure to become and remain profitable would impair our ability to sustain operations and adversely affect the price of our common stock and our ability to raise capital. Our operating expenses may increase as we spend resources on growing our business, and if our revenue does not correspondingly increase, our operating results and financial condition will suffer. Our businesses have produced minimal revenues and may not produce significant revenues in the near term, or at all, which would harm our ability to continue our operations or obtain additional financing and require us to reduce or discontinue our operations. You must consider our business and prospects in light of the risks and difficulties we will encounter as business with an early-stage technology in a new and rapidly evolving industry. We may not be able to successfully address these risks and difficulties, which could significantly harm our business, operating results, financial condition and common stock price per share.

We may not be able to generate sufficient revenue from the commercialization of our technology and related products to achieve or sustain profitability.

We are in the early stages of commercializing our technology. Failure to develop and sell products based upon our technology could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. To date, we have not generated revenue from sales of our technology or products. We believe that our commercialization success is dependent upon our ability to significantly increase the number of customers that will use our products. In addition, demand for our products may not materialize, or increase as quickly as planned, and we may therefore be unable to increase our revenue levels as expected. We are currently not profitable. Even if we succeed in introducing our technology and related products to our target markets, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve or sustain profitability.

We are subject to extensive regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which could require us to take significant time and could cause us to incur significant costs.

Our KnowU and UBand glucose monitoring products are subject to extensive regulation by FDA. These regulations relate to manufacturing, labeling, sale, promotion, distribution and shipping. Before a new medical device, or a new intended use of a legally marketed device, can be marketed in the United States, it must be cleared or approved by FDA through the applicable premarket review process (510(k), PMA, or de novo classification), unless an exemption applies. 

The KnowU and UBand glucose monitoring products and substantially equivalent devices of this type that may later receive marketing authorization are similar to products referred to as integrated continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems. Integrated continuous glucose monitoring systems are generally classified by FDA as Class II devices and have established special controls outlining requirements for assuring CGM accuracy, reliability, and clinical relevance. FDA also has descriptions of the types of studies and data required to demonstrate acceptable CGM performance. Though it is our current belief that our initial product, the KnowU and UBand glucose monitoring products, are appropriate for a de novo classification request (i.e., a route to market for novel medical devices that are low to moderate risk and are not substantially equivalent to a predicate device that is described in more detail below), we expect similar classification, special controls, and testing.

If we receive 510(k) clearance for our KnowU and UBand glucose monitoring products, we may be required to obtain new 510(k) clearances for significant post-market modifications. Each premarket submission and review process can be expensive and lengthy, and entail significant user fees, unless exempt. The classification and special controls for all other products using the Company’s proprietary radio frequency and microwave spectroscopy platform will be dependent on product type and explored as applicable.

In addition, regulatory clearance or approval by FDA does not ensure registration, clearance, approval, or certification by regulatory authorities or notified bodies internationally. While the regulatory requirements for marketing in international markets may require that we obtain clearance, approval, or certification by an international specified regulatory body or notified body. Complying with foreign regulatory requirements, including obtaining registrations, clearances, approvals, or certifications, can be expensive and time consuming, and we may not receive regulatory clearances, approvals, or certifications in each country or region in which we plan to market our products or we may be unable to do so on a timely basis. In turn, this could limit our expected international growth and profitability, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The clinical trial process is lengthy and expensive with uncertain outcomes. Results of earlier studies may not be predictive of future clinical trial results, or the safety or efficacy profile for such products.

Clinical trials are generally required to support an application for clearance of a new device type such as our KnowU and UBand glucose monitoring products. All clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with FDA’s Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) regulations, which govern investigational device labeling, prohibit promotion, and specify an array of Good Clinical Practice requirements, which include among other things, recordkeeping, reporting, and monitoring responsibilities of study sponsors and study investigators. Clinical trials must further comply with FDA’s regulations for institutional review board approval and for informed consent and other human subject protections. Required records and reports are subject to inspection by FDA.

Results of clinical testing may be unfavorable or, even if the intended safety and efficacy success criteria are achieved, may not be considered sufficient for FDA to grant approval or clearance of a product. In additional, the commencement or completion of any of our clinical trials may be delayed or halted for numerous reasons, including, but not limited to, the following: 

Additionally, the ability of FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, ability to hire and retain key personnel, the availability of industry-paid user fees, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes. Average review times for product approvals at FDA have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of other government agencies on which our operations may rely, including those that fund research and development activities, is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.

Disruptions at FDA and other agencies, including those resulting from global concerns (e.g., the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic), may also slow the time necessary for new products to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, if a prolonged government shutdown and/or government employee furloughs were to occur, or if FDA’s response to a global issue diverts FDA resources and attention to other regulatory efforts, then the ability of FDA to timely review and process our regulatory submissions could be significantly impacted, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Further, in our operations as a public company, future government shutdowns, furloughs, or public health emergencies could impact our ability to access the public markets and obtain necessary capital in order to properly capitalize and continue our operations.

Any of these occurrences may significantly harm our business, financial condition, and prospects. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.

Moreover, even if our products are cleared in the U.S., commercialization of our products in foreign countries would require clearance or approval by regulatory authorities in those countries. Clearance or approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from, and greater than, those in the United States, including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials.

The safety and efficacy of our products is not yet supported by long-term clinical data, which could limit sales, and our products might therefore prove to be less safe or effective than initially thought.

Given the regulatory environment in which we operate, we lack the breadth of published long-term clinical data supporting the safety and efficacy of The KnowU and UBand glucose monitoring products and the benefits it offers that might have been generated in connection with other marketing authorization pathways. For these reasons, clinicians may be slow to adopt our products, we may not have comparative data that our competitors have or are generating, and we may be subject to greater regulatory and product liability risks. Further, future patient studies or clinical experience may indicate that treatment with our product does not improve patient outcomes. Such results would slow the adoption of our product by physicians, would significantly reduce our ability to achieve expected sales, and could prevent us from achieving and maintaining profitability.

In addition, because the KnowU and UBand glucose monitoring products have never been marketed, we have limited complaints or patient success rate data with respect to using these products. If future patient studies or clinical testing do not support our belief that our products offer a more advantageous blood glucose monitoring, then market acceptance of our products could fail to increase or could decrease, and our business could be harmed. Moreover, if future results and experience indicate that our product has potentially recurring malfunctions or causes unexpected or serious complications or other unforeseen negative effects, then we could be subject to mandatory or voluntary product recalls, suspension or withdrawal of FDA clearance, as well as significant legal liability or harm to our business reputation and financial results.

If we choose to, or are required to, conduct additional clinical studies and the outcome of such studies are not positive, then this could reduce the rate of coverage and reimbursement for the KnowU and UBand glucose monitoring products. This may slow the market adoption of our product by physicians, significantly reduce our ability to achieve expected revenues and prevent us from becoming profitable.

We believe that publications of scientific and medical results in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at leading conferences are critical to the broad adoption of our products. Publication in leading medical journals is subject to a peer-review process, and peer reviewers may not consider the results of studies involving our products sufficiently novel or worthy of publication. The failure to be listed in physician guidelines or to be published in peer-reviewed journals could limit the adoption of our products.  Unless specifically stated to be “peer-reviewed,” the studies referred to in this filing are not peer reviewed.

We are subject to extensive regulation which could restrict the sales and marketing of our products and could cause us to incur significant costs.

Medical devices may be marketed only for the indications for which they are approved or cleared. Further, clearances can be revoked if safety or effectiveness problems develop once the device is on the market.

The current regulatory requirements to which we are subject may change in the future in a way that adversely affects us. If we fail to comply with present or future regulatory requirements that are applicable to us, we may be subject to enforcement action by FDA, which may include any of the following sanctions:

The occurrence of any of these events would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and could result in stockholders losing their entire investment.

Additionally, any relationships we may have with healthcare professionals, clinical investigators, and payors in connection with our current and future business activities may be subject to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws, transparency laws, and health information privacy and security laws, which could expose us to, among other things, criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, exclusion from governmental healthcare programs, reputational harm, administrative burdens, and diminished profits and future earnings.

Healthcare providers and payors play a primary role in the recommendation and/or prescription of any product candidates for which we obtain future marketing approval. Our current and future arrangements with healthcare professionals, clinical investigators, payors, and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell, and distribute our products for which we obtain marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations include the following:

State and foreign laws also govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. For instance, the collection and use of health data in the European Union is governed by the General Data Protection Regulation, or the GDPR, which extends the geographical scope of European Union data protection law to non-European Union entities under certain conditions, tightens existing European Union data protection principles, creates new obligations for companies and new rights for individuals. Failure to comply with the GDPR may result in substantial fines and other administrative penalties. In addition, on June 28, 2018, the State of California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA, which took effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA creates individual privacy rights for California consumers and increases the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. The CCPA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability, and similar laws have been proposed at the federal level and in other states.

Efforts to ensure that our current and future business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve on-going substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, then we may be subject to significant penalties, including civil, criminal, and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, integrity oversight and reporting obligations, temporary or permanent debarment, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Defending against any such actions can be costly, time-consuming, and may require significant financial and personnel resources. Therefore, even if we are successful in defending against any such actions that may be brought against us, our business may be impaired. Further, if any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, then they may be subject to criminal, civil, or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs.

A variety of risks associated with marketing our product candidates internationally could materially adversely affect our business.

We may seek regulatory approval of our product candidates outside of the U.S., and, accordingly, we expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to operating in foreign countries if we obtain the necessary approvals, including:

These and other risks associated with our international operations may materially adversely affect our ability to attain or maintain profitable operations.

We may face difficulties with respect to coverage and reimbursement by various payors.

Sales of any medical device depend often, in part, on the extent to which the product will be covered and reimbursed by government payors (e.g., federal and state healthcare programs), third-party payors (e.g., commercial insurance and managed healthcare organizations), and other payors (e.g., foreign government healthcare programs). In the United States, various glucose monitoring products are covered for individuals with both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes by Medicare and Medicaid in the majority of states and by commercial insurers, subject to satisfaction of certain eligibility and coverage criteria. 

But significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any newly approved product. For example, there is no assurance that a product will be considered medically reasonable and necessary for a specific indication, will be considered cost-effective by payors, that an adequate level of reimbursement will be established even if coverage is available, or that the payors’ reimbursement policies will not adversely affect the ability for manufacturers to sell products profitably.

Decisions regarding the extent of coverage and reimbursement amount are generally made on a plan-by-plan basis meaning one payors’ decision to cover a particular product does not ensure that other payors will also provide similar coverage. As a result, the coverage determination process can require manufactures to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of a product, and require providers to show medical necessity for use, to each payor separately. This process can be time-consuming, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be applied consistently or even obtained.

Payors are also increasingly reducing reimbursements for devices through continued implementation of cost-containment programs, including price controls and restrictions on coverage and reimbursement, which could further limit sales of any product. In addition, payors continue to question safety and efficacy while also challenging the prices charged, examining medical necessity and reviewing the cost effectiveness of devices in an effort to avoid coverage and reimbursement. But decreases of this nature surrounding the reimbursement for any product or a decision by a government and third-party payor not to cover a product could result in reduced physician usage and patient demand for the product.

Moreover, in international markets, reimbursement and healthcare payment systems vary significantly by country, with many countries have instituted price ceilings on specific products and therapies.

The discovery of serious safety issues with our products, or a recall of our products either voluntarily or at the direction of FDA or another governmental authority, could have a negative impact on us.

We are subject to FDA’s medical device reporting regulations, which require us to report to FDA when we receive or become aware of information that reasonably suggests that one or more of our products may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or malfunctioned in a way that, if the malfunction were to recur, it could cause or contribute to a death or serious injury. The timing of our obligation to report is triggered by the date we become aware of the adverse event as well as the nature of the event. 

We may fail to report adverse events of which we become aware within the prescribed timeframe. We may also fail to recognize that we have become aware of a reportable adverse event, especially if it is not reported to us as an adverse event or if it is an adverse event that is unexpected or removed in time from the initial use of the device. If we fail to comply with our reporting obligations, FDA could take action, including warning letters, untitled letters, administrative actions, criminal prosecution, imposition of civil monetary penalties, seizure of our products, or, if premarket review is required in the future, delay in clearance of future products.

FDA and foreign regulatory bodies have the authority to require the recall of commercialized medical device products in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture of a product or in the event that a product poses an unacceptable risk to health. FDA’s authority to require a recall must be based on a finding that there is reasonable probability that the device could cause serious injury or death. We may also choose to voluntarily recall a product if any material deficiency is found. A government-mandated or voluntary recall by us could occur as a result of an unacceptable risk to health, component failures, malfunctions, manufacturing defects, labeling or design deficiencies, packaging defects, or other deficiencies or failures to comply with applicable regulations. We cannot assure you that product defects or other errors will not occur in the future. Recalls involving our products could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Moreover, medical device manufacturers are required to maintain certain records of recalls and corrections, even if they are not reportable to FDA. We may initiate voluntary withdrawals or corrections for our devices in the future that we determine do not require notification of FDA. If FDA disagrees with our determinations, then it could require us to report those actions as recalls and we may be subject to enforcement action. A future recall announcement could harm our reputation with customers, potentially lead to product liability and malpractice claims against us and negatively affect our sales.

We may face difficulties from changes to current regulations and future legislation, both in the U.S. as well as in other foreign jurisdictions where we may be operating.

Existing regulations and regulatory policies may change, and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit, or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. Legislative changes may impact our future business and operations, including those that may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on customers for our product candidates, if approved, and accordingly, our business, financial condition, and results of operations. 

Both before and after a product is commercially released, we have ongoing responsibilities under various laws and regulations. If a regulatory authority were to conclude that we are not in compliance with applicable laws or regulations, or that any of our products are ineffective or pose an unreasonable risk for the end-user, then the authority may ban such devices, detain or seize adulterated or misbranded devices, order a recall, repair, replacement, or refund of such instruments, and require us to notify health professionals and others that the devices present unreasonable risks of substantial harm to the public health. A regulatory authority may also impose operating restrictions, enjoin and restrain certain violations of applicable law pertaining to medical devices, and assess civil or criminal penalties against our officers, employees, or us. The regulatory authority may also recommend prosecution by law enforcement agencies. Any governmental law or regulation, existing or imposed in the future, or enforcement action taken may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We cannot predict the likelihood, nature, or extent of any legislative changes will be enacted or government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the U.S. or abroad. Similarly, we cannot predict whether FDA regulations, guidance, or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of our product candidates, if any, may be. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, then we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

Our industry is highly competitive and subject to significant or rapid technological change.

Our fields of therapeutic interest is highly competitive and subject to significant and rapid technological change. Accordingly, our success may depend, in part, on our ability to respond quickly to such change through the development and introduction of new products. 

If our product candidates are approved by FDA, then potential competitors who seek to introduce similar product candidates may seek to take advantage of a shorter and less costly development program for a product that competes with our products. Our ability to compete successfully against currently existing and future alternatives to our product candidates and systems and competitors who compete directly with us may depend, in part, on our ability to attract and retain skilled scientific and research personnel, develop technologically superior products, develop competitively priced products, obtain patent or other required regulatory approvals for our products, be an early entrant to the market and manufacture, market, and sell our products, independently or through collaborations.

We currently rely upon external resources for many engineering and product development services. If we are unable to secure engineering or product development partners or establish satisfactory engineering and product development capabilities, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our technology.

Our success depends upon our ability to develop products that are accurate and provide solutions for our customers. Achieving the desired results for our customers requires solving engineering issues in concert with them. Any failure of our technology or related products to meet customer expectations could result in customers choosing to retain their existing methods or to adopt systems other than ours.

Historically, we have not had sufficient internal resources to work on all necessary engineering and product development matters. We have used third parties in the past and will continue to do so. These resources are not always readily available, and the absence of their availability could inhibit our research and development efforts and our responsiveness to our customers. Our inability to secure those resources could impact our ability to provide engineering and product development services and could have an impact on our customers’ willingness to use our technology.  Moreover, third parties have their own internal demands on time and resources which may not always align with ours.  Hence, our own expectations for development and product timelines may not be shared by third parties upon whom we rely.

We are in the early stages of commercialization and our technology and related products may never achieve significant commercial market acceptance.

Our success depends on our ability to develop and market devices that are recognized as accurate, safe and cost-effective. They must be safe and deliver the required level of accuracy under any condition, regardless of the user, as determined by their intended use. This will be achieved through continued refinement of our technology. Before presenting it to the FDA, additional development is needed to increase its generalizability.

Many of our potential customers may be reluctant to use our new technology. Market acceptance will depend on many factors, including our ability to convince potential customers that our technology and related products are an attractive alternative to existing technologies. We will need to demonstrate that our products provide accurate and cost-effective alternatives to existing technologies. Compared to most competing technologies, our technology is new, and most potential customers will have limited knowledge of, or experience with, our products. Prior to implementing our technology and related products, some potential customers may be required to devote significant time and effort to testing and validating our products. Any failure of our technology or related products to meet customer expectations could result in customers choosing to retain their existing methods or to adopt systems other than ours.

Many factors influence the perception of a new technology including its use by leaders in the industry. If we are unable to induce industry leaders in our target markets to implement and use our technology and related products, acceptance and adoption of our products could be slowed. In addition, if our products fail to gain significant acceptance in the marketplace and we are unable to expand our customer base, we may never generate sufficient revenue to achieve or sustain profitability.

Additionally, we may not be able to penetrate or successfully operate in international markets or encounter difficulty expanding into international markets because of limited brand recognition in certain parts of the world, which may lead to delayed acceptance of our products by consumers in these international markets. If we are unable to expand internationally and manage the complexity of international operations successfully, then it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. If our efforts to introduce our products into foreign markets are not successful, then we may have expended significant resources without realizing the expected benefit. Ultimately, the investment required for expansion into foreign markets could exceed the results of operations generated from this expansion.

We are dependent on key personnel.

Our success depends to a significant degree upon the continued contributions of key management and other personnel, some of whom could be difficult to replace. While our continued operation and ultimate success is not dependent upon one individual, our success does depend on the performance of our officers, our ability to retain and motivate our officers, our ability to integrate new officers into our operations, and the ability of all personnel to work together effectively as a team. Our failure to retain and recruit officers and other key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our success also depends on our continued ability to identify, attract, hire, train, retain and motivate highly skilled technical, managerial, manufacturing, administrative and sales and marketing personnel. Competition for these individuals is intense, and we may not be able to successfully recruit, assimilate or retain sufficiently qualified personnel. In particular, we may encounter difficulties in recruiting and retaining a sufficient number of qualified technical personnel, which could harm our ability to develop new products and adversely impact our relationships with existing and future customers. The inability to attract and retain necessary technical, managerial, manufacturing, administrative and sales and marketing personnel could harm our ability to obtain new customers and develop new products and could adversely affect our business and operating results.

We rely on the timely supply of components and parts and could suffer if suppliers fail to meet their delivery obligations, raise prices or cease to supply us with components or parts.

The manufacture of our products is complex and requires the integration of a number of components from several sources of supply. We rely on numerous critical suppliers for various key components that are used in the manufacturing of our products. We can make no assurance that we will be able to maintain such supply arrangements. If we are unable to maintain supply arrangements, our access to key components could be reduced, which could harm our business. 

Additionally, if demand for our products decreases, we may have excess inventory and inventory that may expire, which could result in inventory write-offs that would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We may also encounter defects in materials and/or workmanship, which could lead to a failure to adhere to regulatory requirements. Any defects could delay operations at our contract manufacturers’ facilities, lead to regulatory fines, or halt or discontinue manufacturing indefinitely. Any of these outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

This reliance also adds additional risks to the manufacturing process that are beyond our control. For example, the occurrence of epidemics or pandemics may cause one or more of our suppliers to close or reduce the scope of their operations either temporarily or permanently. In addition, these suppliers may provide components and products to our competitors. The medical device industry’s reliance on a limited number of key components and product suppliers subjects us to the risk that in the event of an increase in demand, our suppliers may fail to provide supplies to us in a timely manner while they continue to supply our competitors, many of which have greater purchasing power than us, or seek to supply components to us at a higher cost. 

The failure of our suppliers to deliver components or products in a timely fashion could have disruptive effects on our ability to produce our products in a timely manner, or we may be required to find new suppliers at an increased cost. 

Moreover, our reputation and the quality of our products are in part dependent on the quality of the components that we source from third-party suppliers. If we are unable to control the quality of the components supplied to us or to address known quality problems in a timely manner, then our reputation in the market may be damaged and sales of our products may suffer. As a result, we may experience a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have limited insurance which may not cover claims by third parties against us or our officers and directors.

We have directors’ and officers’ liability insurance and commercial liability insurance policies. Claims, however, by third parties against us may exceed policy amounts and we may not have amounts to cover these claims. Any significant claims would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.  In addition, our limited directors’ and officers’ liability insurance may affect our ability to attract and retain directors and officers.

Our inability to effectively protect our intellectual property would adversely affect our ability to compete effectively, our revenue, our financial condition and our results of operations.

We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, and trade secret laws, and confidentiality procedures to protect our intellectual property rights. Creating and maintaining a strong patent portfolio is important to our business. Patent law relating to the scope of claims in the technology fields in which we operate is complex and uncertain, so we cannot be assured that we will be able to obtain or maintain patent rights, or that the patent rights we may obtain will be valuable, provide an effective barrier to competitors or otherwise provide competitive advantages. Others have filed, and in the future are likely to file, patent applications that are similar or identical to ours or those of our licensors. To determine the priority of inventions or demonstrate that we did not derive our invention from another, we may have to participate in interference or derivation proceedings in the United States Patent and Trademark Office or in court that could result in substantial costs in legal fees and could substantially affect the scope of our patent protection. We cannot be assured our patent applications will prevail over those filed by others. Also, our intellectual property rights may be subject to other challenges by third parties. Patents we obtain could be challenged in litigation or in administrative proceedings such as ex parte reexam, inter parties review, or post grant review in the United States or opposition proceedings in Europe or other jurisdictions.

There can be no assurance that:

If we are prevented from selling our products, or if we are required to develop new technologies or pay significant monetary damages or are required to make substantial royalty payments, our business and results of operations would be harmed.

Obtaining and maintaining a patent portfolio entails significant expense and resources. Part of the expense includes periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees, various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications due in several stages over the lifetime of patents and/or applications, as well as the cost associated with complying with numerous procedural provisions during the patent application process. We may or may not choose to pursue or maintain protection for particular inventions. In addition, there are situations in which failure to make certain payments or noncompliance with certain requirements in the patent process can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. If we choose to forgo patent protection or allow a patent application or patent to lapse purposefully or inadvertently, our competitive position could suffer.

Legal actions to enforce our patent rights can be expensive and may involve the diversion of significant management time. In addition, these legal actions could be unsuccessful and could also result in the invalidation of our patents or a finding that they are unenforceable. We may or may not choose to pursue litigation or interferences against those that have infringed on our patents, or used them without authorization, due to the associated expense and time commitment of monitoring these activities. If we fail to protect or to enforce our intellectual property rights successfully, our competitive position could suffer, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and business.

Claims by others that our products infringe their patents or other intellectual property rights could prevent us from manufacturing and selling some of our products or require us to pay royalties or incur substantial costs from litigation or development of non-infringing technology.

In recent years, there has been significant litigation in the United States involving patents and other intellectual property rights. We may receive notices that claim we have infringed upon the intellectual property of others. Even if these claims are not valid, they could subject us to significant costs. Any such claims, with or without merit, could be time-consuming to defend, result in costly litigation, divert our attention and resources, cause product shipment delays or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements. Such royalty or licensing agreements, if required, may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. We have not been engaged in litigation but litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Litigation may also be necessary to defend against claims of infringement or invalidity by others. A successful claim of intellectual property infringement against us and our failure or inability to license the infringed technology or develop or license technology with comparable functionality could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

The analysis of our patent portfolio by PatSnap Research and ipCapital Group is not a legal analysis and does not predict the outcome of any legal challenges we or others might make in regard to patents, nor does it constitute a view on the overall legal strength of our patents.

If we are unable to secure a sales and marketing partner or establish satisfactory sales and marketing capabilities at our company, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our technology.

If we are not successful entering into appropriate collaboration arrangements or recruiting sales and marketing personnel or in building a sales and marketing infrastructure, we will have difficulty successfully commercializing our technology, which would adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

We may not be able to enter into collaboration agreements on terms acceptable to us or at all. In addition, even if we enter into such relationships, we may have limited or no control over the sales, marketing and distribution activities of these third parties. Our future revenues may depend heavily on the success of the efforts of these third parties. If we elect to establish a sales and marketing infrastructure, we may not realize a positive return on this investment. In addition, we must compete with established and well-funded pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to recruit, hire, train and retain sales and marketing personnel. Factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize technology without strategic partners or licensees include:

We may engage in acquisitions, mergers, strategic alliances, joint ventures and divestures that could result in final results that are different than expected.

In the normal course of business, we engage in discussions relating to possible acquisitions, equity investments, mergers, strategic alliances, joint ventures and divestitures. Such transactions are accompanied by a number of risks, including the use of significant amounts of cash, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, incurrence of debt on potentially unfavorable terms as well as impairment expenses related to goodwill and amortization expenses related to other intangible assets, the possibility that we may pay too much cash or issue too many of our shares as the purchase price for an acquisition relative to the economic benefits that we ultimately derive from such acquisition, and various potential difficulties involved in integrating acquired businesses into our operations.

From time to time, we have also engaged in discussions with candidates regarding the potential acquisitions of our product lines, technologies and businesses. If a divestiture such as this does occur, we cannot be certain that our business, operating results and financial condition will not be materially and adversely affected. A successful divestiture depends on various factors, including our ability to effectively transfer liabilities, contracts, facilities and employees to any purchaser; identify and separate the intellectual property to be divested from the intellectual property that we wish to retain; reduce fixed costs previously associated with the divested assets or business; and collect the proceeds from any divestitures.

If we do not realize the expected benefits of any acquisition or divestiture transaction, our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and stock price could be negatively impacted.

We may make strategic acquisitions in the future, and if the acquired companies do not perform as expected, this could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and existing business.

We may continue to expand our business through strategic acquisitions. The success of any acquisition will depend on, among other things:

We may not be successful in effectively integrating acquired businesses and completing acquisitions in the future. We also may incur substantial expenses and devote significant management time and resources in seeking to complete acquisitions. Acquired businesses may fail to meet our performance expectations. If we do not achieve the anticipated benefits of an acquisition as rapidly as expected, or at all, investors or analysts may not perceive the same benefits of the acquisition as we do. If these risks materialize, our stock price could be materially adversely affected.

Government regulatory approval may be necessary before some of our products can be sold and there is no assurance such approval will be granted.

Our technology will have a number of potential applications in fields of use that will require prior governmental regulatory approval before the technology can be introduced to the marketplace. For example, we are exploring the use of our technology for certain medical diagnostic applications, with an initial focus on the monitoring of blood glucose.  There is no assurance that we will be successful in developing glucose monitoring medical applications for our technology. If we were to be successful in developing glucose monitoring medical applications of our technology, prior clearance by FDA and other governmental regulatory bodies will be required before the technology could be introduced into the marketplace. Our devices leverage Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to process the massive data collected through the Bio-RFID sensor. ML/AI also controls the sensor operation, enabling the device to emit and capture data, and, ultimately, to identify and measure blood glucose levels. Machine learning-enabled device software functions (ML-DSF) continue to be evaluated by FDA, which recently released new guidance proposing a science-based approach for AI/ML-enabled medical devices to be modified and improved more quickly. There is no assurance that such regulatory approval would be obtained for a glucose monitoring medical diagnostic device or other applications requiring such approval. FDA can refuse to grant, delay, and limit or deny approval of an application for clearance of marketing a glucose monitoring device for many reasons. We may not obtain the necessary regulatory approvals or clearances to market these glucose monitoring systems in the United States or outside of the United States. Any delay in, or failure to receive or maintain, approval or clearance for our products could prevent us from generating revenue from these products or achieving profitability.

We or our manufacturers may be unable to obtain or maintain international regulatory clearances or approvals for our current or future products, or our distributors may be unable to obtain necessary qualifications, which could harm our business thus limited sales to the U.S.

Sales of our products internationally are subject to foreign regulatory requirements that vary widely from country to country. In addition, FDA regulates exports of medical devices from the U.S. Complying with international regulatory requirements can be an expensive and time-consuming process, and marketing approval or clearance is not certain. The time required to obtain clearances or approvals, if required by other countries, may be longer than that required for FDA clearance or approvals, and requirements for such clearances or approvals may significantly differ from FDA requirements. We may rely on third-party distributors to obtain regulatory clearances and approvals required in other countries, and these distributors may be unable to obtain or maintain such clearances or approvals. Our distributors may also incur significant costs in attempting to obtain and in maintaining foreign regulatory approvals or clearances, which could increase the difficulty of attracting and retaining qualified distributors. If our distributors experience delays in receiving necessary qualifications, clearances or approvals to market our products outside the U.S., or if they fail to receive those qualifications, clearances or approvals, then we may be unable to market our products or enhancements in international markets effectively, or at all.

Foreign governmental authorities that regulate the manufacture and sale of medical devices have become increasingly stringent and, to the extent we market and sell our products outside of the U.S., we may be subject to rigorous international regulation in the future. In these circumstances, we would be required to rely on our foreign independent distributors to comply with the varying regulations, and any failures on their part could result in restrictions on the sale of our product in foreign countries.

Cybersecurity risks and cyber incidents could result in the compromise of confidential data or critical data systems and give rise to potential harm to customers, remediation and other expenses, expose us to liability under consumer protection laws, or other common law theories, subject us to litigation and federal and state governmental inquiries, damage our reputation, and otherwise be disruptive to our business and operations.

Cyber incidents can result from deliberate attacks or unintentional events. We collect and store on our networks sensitive information, including intellectual property, proprietary business information and personally identifiable information of our customers. The secure maintenance of this information and technology is critical to our business operations. We have implemented multiple layers of security measures to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of this data and the systems and devices that store and transmit such data. We utilize current security technologies, and our defenses are monitored and routinely tested internally and by external parties. Despite these efforts, threats from malicious persons and groups, new vulnerabilities and advanced new attacks against information systems create risk of cybersecurity incidents. These incidents can include, but are not limited to, gaining unauthorized access to digital systems for purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive information, corrupting data, or causing operational disruption. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently and may not immediately produce signs of intrusion, we may be unable to anticipate these incidents or techniques, timely discover them, or implement adequate preventative measures.

These threats can come from a variety of sources, ranging in sophistication from an individual hacker to malfeasance by employees, consultants or other service providers to state-sponsored attacks. Cyber threats may be generic, or they may be custom crafted against our information systems. Over the past several years, cyber-attacks have become more prevalent and much harder to detect and defend against. Our network and storage applications may be vulnerable to cyber-attack, malicious intrusion, malfeasance, loss of data privacy or other significant disruption and may be subject to unauthorized access by hackers, employees, consultants or other service providers. In addition, hardware, software or applications we develop or procure from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture or other problems that could unexpectedly compromise information security. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to gain access to our systems or facilities through fraud, trickery or other forms of deceiving our employees, contractors and temporary staff.

There can be no assurance that we will not be subject to cybersecurity incidents that bypass our security measures, impact the integrity, availability or privacy of personal health information or other data subject to privacy laws or disrupt our information systems, devices or business, including our ability to deliver services to our customers. As a result, cybersecurity, physical security and the continued development and enhancement of our controls, processes and practices designed to protect our enterprise, information systems and data from attack, damage or unauthorized access remain a priority for us. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any cybersecurity vulnerabilities.

Additionally, the U.S. may institute additional cybersecurity requirements especially for medical devices. For example, the data security requirements in the Food and Drug Omnibus Reform Act (“FDORA”), enacted in December 2022, that among other provisions, requires developers of certain “cyber devices” to design and implement plans to monitor, identify and address cybersecurity vulnerabilities of those devices and to submit those plans to FDA as part of every new 510(k) or PMA for a cyber device. “Cyber devices” are defined as devices that include software, connect to the internet, and contain any technological features that could be vulnerable to cybersecurity threats. This provision entered into effect on March 29, 2023, and FDA has indicated that it expects sponsors of cyber devices to begin to comply with these requirements as of October 1, 2023. FDA has stated that failure to comply with these requirements will result in FDA denying approval of the cyber device application.

We are subject to corporate governance and internal control requirements, and our costs related to compliance with, or our failure to comply with existing and future requirements could adversely affect our business.

We must comply with corporate governance requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, as well as additional rules and regulations currently in place and that may be subsequently adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. These laws, rules, and regulations continue to evolve and may become increasingly stringent in the future. The financial cost of compliance with these laws, rules, and regulations is expected to remain substantial.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to fully comply with these laws, rules, and regulations that address corporate governance, internal control reporting, and similar matters in the future. Failure to comply with these laws, rules and regulations could materially adversely affect our reputation, financial condition, and the value of our securities.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

If we are unable to comply with the continued listing requirements of the NYSE American, then our common stock would be delisted from the NYSE American, which would limit investors’ ability to effect transactions in our common stock and subject us to additional trading restrictions.

Our common stock is currently listed on the NYSE American and the continued listing of our common stock on the NYSE American is contingent on our continued compliance with a number of listing requirements. If we are unable to comply with the continued listing requirements of the NYSE American, our common stock would be delisted from the NYSE American, which would limit investors’ ability to effect transactions in our common stock and subject us to additional trading restrictions. In order to maintain our listing, we must maintain certain share prices, financial and share distribution targets, including maintaining a minimum amount of stockholders’ equity and a minimum number of public stockholders, as well as satisfy other listing requirements of the NYSE American. In addition to these objective standards, NYSE American may delist the securities of any issuer for other reasons involving the judgment of NYSE American. 

We have been informally advised by the staff of NYSE American that, given our current stockholders equity and history of net losses, we may be subject to the equity standards set forth in Section 1003(a)(ii) and (iii) of the NYSE American Company Guide, and that we may not satisfy these standards or the exemption criteria for these standards. There is no assurance that we will be able to maintain compliance with the NYSE American continued listing rules and/or continue its listing on the NYSE American in the future.

If the NYSE American delists our common stock from trading on its exchange and we are not able to list our securities on another national securities exchange, we expect the common stock would qualify to be quoted on an over-the-counter market. If this were to occur, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

The price of our common stock is volatile, which may cause investment losses for our stockholders. 

The market price of our common stock has been and is likely in the future to be volatile. Our common stock price may fluctuate in response to factors such as:

These broad market and industry factors may have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. These factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The sale of a significant number of our shares of common stock could depress the price of our common stock.

As of December 31, 2023, we had 81,346,524 shares of common stock issued and outstanding. As of December 31, 2023, there were options outstanding for the purchase of 28,220,473 shares of our common stock (including unearned stock option grants totaling 4,179,825 shares related to performance targets), warrants for the purchase of 20,984,961 shares of our common stock, 8,108,356 shares of the Company’s common stock issuable, collectively, upon the conversion of our Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, and approximately 3,201,534 shares of our common stock, collectively, reserved to pay accrued dividends on our Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and Series D Convertible Preferred Stock. In addition, the Company currently has 9,020,264 shares of its common stock at the current price of $0.25 per share reserved and are issuable upon conversion of convertible debentures of $2,761,931.  Further, under the current terms of our Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, and assuming no changes in the ownership thereof, going forward on a quarterly basis the Company will accrete as a preferred dividend the value of approximately 160,000 shares of common stock, which are issuable if such dividends become payable as additional shares of preferred stock, and such preferred stock is then converted into common stock.  All of the foregoing shares could potentially dilute future earnings per share but are excluded from the December 31, 2023, calculation of net loss per share because their impact is antidilutive.

Significant shares of common stock are held by our principal stockholders, other company insiders and other large stockholders. As “affiliates,” as defined under Rule 144 under the Securities Act, our principal stockholders, other of our insiders and other large stockholders may only sell their shares of common stock in the public market pursuant to an effective registration statement or in compliance with Rule 144.

These options, warrants, convertible notes payable and convertible preferred stock could result in further dilution to common stockholders and may affect the market price of the common stock.

Future capital raises or other issuances of equity or debt securities may dilute our existing stockholders’ ownership and/or have other adverse effects on our operations.

Pursuant to our articles of incorporation, we are authorized to issue 200,000,000 shares of common stock. To the extent that common stock is available for issuance, subject to compliance with applicable stock exchange listing rules, our board of directors has the ability to issue additional shares of common stock in the future for such consideration as the board of directors may consider sufficient. The issuance of any additional shares could, among other things, result in substantial dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders at the time of issuance, result in substantial dilution of our earnings per share and adversely affect the prevailing market price for our common stock.

Pursuant to our articles of incorporation, we are also authorized to issue 5,000,000 shares of blank check preferred stock of which 30,000 shares have been designated as our Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and 20,000 shares have been designated as our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock.  Such preferred stock is senior to our common stock in terms of dividend priority and liquidation preference. Any preferred stock that we issue in the future may rank ahead of our common stock in terms of dividend priority or liquidation preference and may have greater voting rights than our common stock. In addition, such preferred stock may contain provisions allowing those shares to be converted into shares of common stock, which could dilute the value of our common stock to current stockholders and could adversely affect the market price, if any, of our common stock. In addition, the preferred stock could be utilized, under certain circumstances, as a method of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control of our company. Although we have no present intention to designate or issue any shares of our authorized blank check preferred stock, there can be no assurance that we will not do so in the future.

As a result of the modifications of our Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and Series D Convertible Preferred Stock (see Description of Securities—Preferred Stock), assuming no changes in the amount of outstanding Series C preferred stock or Series D preferred stock ownership, going forward on a quarterly basis the Company will accrete as a preferred dividend the value of approximately 160,000 shares of common stock. Future accreted dividends will be settled by issuing additional shares of preferred stock which can then be converted to common stock.  

In the future, we may also attempt to increase our capital resources by offering debt securities. These debt securities would have rights senior to those of our common stock and the terms of the debt securities issued could impose significant restrictions on our operations, including liens on our assets.

Because our decision to issue securities or incur debt in our future offerings will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings and debt financing. Further, market conditions could require us to accept less favorable terms for the issuance of our securities in the future. Thus, you will bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the value of your shares and diluting your interest in us.

The exercise prices of certain warrants, and the conversion prices of our outstanding convertible notes payable and our preferred stock may require further adjustment. 

If in the future, the Company sells its common stock at a price below $0.25 per share, the conversion price of our outstanding shares of series C convertible preferred stock and series D convertible preferred stock would adjust below $0.25 per share pursuant to the documents governing such instruments. In addition, the conversion price of the convertible promissory notes referred to above and the exercise price of certain outstanding warrants to purchase 7,684,381 shares of common stock would adjust below $0.25 per share pursuant to the documents governing such instruments.

If our company were to dissolve or wind-up operations, holders of our common stock would not receive a liquidation preference.

If we were to wind up or dissolve our company and liquidate and distribute our assets, our common stockholders would share in our assets only after we satisfy any amounts we owe to our creditors and preferred equity holders.  If our liquidation or dissolution were attributable to our inability to profitably operate our business, then it is likely that we would have material liabilities at the time of liquidation or dissolution.  Accordingly, it is very unlikely that sufficient assets will remain available after the payment of our creditors and preferred equity holders to enable common stockholders to receive any liquidation distribution with respect to any common stock.

We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future. In addition, the terms of any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the shares of Common Stock by the selling stockholder pursuant to this prospectus. All proceeds from the sale of the shares will be for the account of the selling stockholder. The selling stockholder may sell these shares in the open market or otherwise, at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market price, or at negotiated prices.

The selling stockholder will pay any underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses incurred by the selling stockholder for brokerage or legal services or any other expenses incurred by the selling stockholder in disposing of the shares included in this prospectus. We will bear all other costs, fees and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of the shares covered by this prospectus, including all registration and filing fees and fees and expenses of our counsel and accountants.

DETERMINATION OF OFFERING PRICE

The selling stockholder may sell these shares in the over-the-counter market or otherwise, at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market price, or at negotiated prices. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares by the selling stockholder.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis summarizes the significant factors affecting our operating results, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows of our company as of and for the periods presented below. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus. The discussion contains forward-looking statements that are based on the beliefs of management, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, our management. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in or implied by forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this prospectus, particularly in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

BUSINESS

Overview

Know Labs is an emerging leader in non-invasive medical diagnostics. We are focused on the development and commercialization of our proprietary sensor technology utilizing radio and microwave spectroscopy. When paired with our machine learning platform, our technology is capable of uniquely identifying and measuring almost any material or analyte using electromagnetic energy to detect, record, identify, and measure the unique “signature” of said materials or analytes. 

The first application of our sensor technology is in a product to non-invasively monitor blood glucose levels. Our device will provide the user with real-time information on their blood glucose levels.  We recently announced our Generation 1 working prototype device.  This device embodies the sensor which has been used in internal clinical testing.  We have also announced the work our R&D team is doing on the Generation 2 of our device, which is a wearable format and could be a final form factor, ready for commercial application. We are expanding our testing, both internally and externally, and will refine the device over time, which will require FDA clearance before entering the market.

Following FDA clearance of our non-invasive blood glucose monitoring device, Know Labs plans to expand its sensor technology to other non-invasive medical diagnostic applications. As a platform technology, it can identify numerous other analytes in the human body that are important in medical diagnostics and human health and wellness.

While medical diagnostics applications, with blood glucose monitoring paramount, are the focus of Know Labs, the Company’s proprietary radio frequency and microwave spectroscopy platform have broad applicability outside of the medical diagnostic realm.  Over time, as resources allow, the Company will explore those opportunities.

Corporate History and Structure

Know Labs, Inc. was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada in 1998. Since 2007, our company has been focused primarily on research and development of proprietary spectroscopic technologies spanning the electromagnetic spectrum. 

Know Labs has one wholly owned subsidiary, Particle, Inc. incorporated on April 30, 2020. AI Mind, Inc., Know Labs’ former wholly owned subsidiary, was incorporated on September 17, 2021 and dissolved in early 2023.  At this time there is no material activity in the Particle subsidiary while the Company gives all of its attention to its focus on its sensor technology and glucose monitoring device development. 

The Know Labs Technology

We have internally and under contract with third parties developed proprietary platform technology to uniquely identify and measure almost any organic and inorganic material or analyte. Our patented technology directs electromagnetic energy in the radio wave and microwave frequencies through a substance or material to capture a unique molecular signature. We then perform analytics which will allow the Company to accurately identify and measure materials and analytes. 

Our technology provides a unique platform upon which a myriad of applications can be developed. Our radio frequency spectroscopy technology is an “enabling” technology that brings the science of electromagnetic energy to low-cost, real-world commercialization opportunities across multiple industries. The technology is foundational and, as such, the basis upon which we believe significant businesses can be built. While we are pursuing our core focus on commercializing our non-invasive glucose monitor, we believe non-core clinical, non-clinical and medical research applications represent a multitude of opportunities for strategic collaboration, joint development, and licensing agreements with leading companies in their respective industries.

We believe an important competitive differentiator for our sensor technology to be its ability to not only identify a wide range of organic and inorganic materials and analytes, but to do so non-invasively, and in real-time, which potentially enables new multivariate models of clinical diagnostics, and health and wellness monitoring.

Know Labs Sensor Technology:  Hardware and Software

Our sensor technology embodies two key components: hardware and software.  The key hardware component includes a sensor which both sends and receives a radio frequency signal.  The data obtained by the receiving aspect of the sensor is analyzed by software.  Today, the sensor portion of our hardware development is complete. This sensor is currently being used in our internal tests, and has been for the past several months, gathering millions of data points to further refine our algorithm. It is the core component in our Generation 1 working prototype device and the Generation 2 device under development. This sensor technology will be the core component of future versions of our devices.  

As a consequence, a significant amount of our focus has shifted to algorithm development.  This involves sophisticated development of algorithms which derive meaningful information from the raw data obtained by our sensor.  These algorithms are developed through the utilization of machine learning (ML) by means of training various models. We will continue data collection to further refine the accuracy of the algorithm until we feel confident that we can be successful in FDA clinical trials and bring to the market the first non-invasive blood glucose monitor.

Early Results

We previously announced the results of an internal exploratory study comparing tests between our sensor technology and the leading continuous glucose monitors from Abbott Labs (Freestyle Libre®) and DexCom (G6®). These results provided evidence of a high degree of correlation between our technology and the current industry leaders and their continuous glucose monitors. Our patented technology is fundamentally differentiated from these industry leaders as our technology completely non-invasively monitors blood glucose levels. We also believe our technology successfully addresses the limiting qualities of non-invasive optical technologies whose diagnostic capacities may be inhibited by skin tones and other factors.

We are currently underway with an internal study comparing data from our sensor technology and lab-based reference devices, the Nova Primary and Nova Stat Strip. We have also expanded our study to include participants with diabetes, an important step in clinical development. These studies will allow us to further refine our algorithm and obtain results compared to lab-based reference devices, which will be required for future FDA clearance. 

We continue to build the internal and external development team necessary to commercialize our technology. Our ability to obtain exacting results from the data collected through our sensor technology is enabled by our trade secret algorithms built through our machine learning platform. We have been and continue to refine these algorithms so they can accurately determine blood glucose levels across a broad population. We believe our algorithms can also provide accurate measurements for blood alcohol and blood oxygen levels, which we have identified in preliminary tests.  We expect them to provide the analytics for the long list of other potential analytes in the human body many of which are set forth in our issued patent USPTO 11,033,208 B1. 

Validation and FDA Clearance

We are also focused on building strong external validation of the technology. This on-going initiative should provide additional evidence and support as we look to approach FDA approval. Over the past year, we have announced several significant validating studies.  They include: 

The results of a proof-of-principle study titled, “Detecting Unique Analyte-Specific Radio Frequency Spectral Responses in Liquid Solutions, Implications for Non-Invasive Physiologic Monitoring.” This study was conducted in collaboration with Mayo Clinic, sponsored by the Company, and its results were presented at the 2023 American Physiological Society (APS) Summit. The study demonstrated the accuracy of the sensor in quantifying three different analytes in vitro. In the peer-reviewed publication, it was found Bio-RFID achieved 100% accuracy in quantifying these three different analytes in vitro. The study was peer-reviewed by Sensors Journal and American Physiology Society.

The results of our technical feasibility study titled, “Technical Feasibility of a Novel Sensor for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Compared to Dexcom G6®.” These results were presented at the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE) Annual Meeting in Seattle, WA on May 5, 2023. The study was performed by the Know Labs Clinical Development Team at Know Labs Research Laboratory in Seattle. The purpose of this technical feasibility study was to demonstrate hardware and software infrastructure stability, and to collect additional data to determine the accuracy of the sensor at quantifying BGC in vivo non-invasively using radio frequency by means of training a neural network (NN) model to predict readings of the Dexcom G6® as a proxy for BGC. The study was peer-reviewed by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology.

The results of a new study titled, "Algorithm Refinement in the Non-Invasive Detection of Blood Glucose Using Know Labs’ Bio-RFID Technology." The study demonstrates that algorithm optimization using a light gradient-boosting machine (lightGBM) machine learning model improved the accuracy of Know Labs’ Bio-RFID™ sensor technology at quantifying blood glucose using predicted readings of the Dexcom G6® as a proxy for BGC, demonstrating an overall Mean Absolute Relative Difference (MARD) of 12.9% – which is within the range of independently reported values for certain FDA-cleared blood glucose monitoring devices. The study was performed by the Know Labs Clinical Development Team at Know Labs Research Laboratory in Seattle, and reviewed by members of Know Labs' Scientific Advisory Board.

The results from a 2023 study titled, "Novel data preprocessing techniques in an expanded dataset improve machine learning model accuracy for a non-invasive blood glucose monitor." The study demonstrates that continued algorithm refinement and more high-quality data improved the accuracy of Know Labs’ proprietary Bio-RFID sensor technology, resulting in an overall Mean Absolute Relative Difference (MARD) of 11.3%. As with all Know Labs’ previous research, this study was designed to assess the ability of the Bio-RFID sensor to non-invasively and continuously quantify blood glucose, using the Dexcom G6® continuous glucose monitor (CGM) as a reference device and proxy for BGC. In this new study where data collection was completed in May of 2023, Know Labs applied novel data preprocessing techniques and trained a light gradient-boosting machine (lightGBM) model to predict blood glucose values of Dexcom G6® CGM using 3,311 observations – or reference device values – from over 330 hours of data collected from 13 healthy participants. With this method, Know Labs was able to predict blood glucose in the test set – the dataset that provides a blind evaluation of model performance – with a MARD of 11.3%. The study was performed by the Know Labs Clinical Development Team at Know Labs Research Laboratory in Seattle and reviewed by members of Know Labs' Scientific Advisory Board.

The interim results from a 2024 study titled, “Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring in People with Diabetes Using an RF Sensor and Venous Blood Comparator” presented at the 17th Annual ATTD Conference in Florence, Italy on March 6, 2024. The study assessed the accuracy of Know Labs’ proprietary radiofrequency (RF) dielectric sensor in non-invasively measuring blood glucose in participants with prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes using venous blood as a comparative reference – resulting in an overall MARD of 11.1%. As with all Know Labs’ previous research, this study was designed to assess the ability of the Bio-RFID sensor to non-invasively and continuously quantify blood glucose, using the Dexcom G6® CGM as a reference device and proxy for BGC. These interim results are from a preliminary portion of a larger study where data collection is ongoing. Know Labs applied novel data preprocessing techniques and trained a lightGBM model to predict blood glucose values of Dexcom G6® CGM. With this method, Know Labs was able to predict blood glucose in the test set – the dataset that provides a blind evaluation of model performance – with a MARD of 11.1%.

As the Company successfully completed our foundational studies, created a stable sensor that delivers repeatable results, and developed a software infrastructure to manage and interpret large, novel datasets, it will continue to expand its testing and data gathering with larger and more diverse populations in order to continue increasing the accuracy of our algorithms across diverse populations. 

We have also begun the internal and external process to pursue FDA clearance for our non-invasive blood glucose monitor. Our Chief Medical Officer, medical and regulatory advisory board, our entire executive team along with external advisors guide us in this process. Additionally, our third-party quality assurance and documentation consultants help ensure that the rigorous requirements of FDA are met. We are unable to estimate the time necessary for FDA approval or the likelihood of success in that endeavor.

Product Strategy

We have announced the development of our non-invasive glucose monitor and our desire to obtain FDA clearance for the marketing of this product. We are currently undertaking internal development work of this product for the commercial marketplace. We have also announced the engagement of several strategic partners and advisors focused on sensor technology, product design, data science, machine learning, manufacturing and regulatory affairs, who we will work with to bring this product to market.  The announcement of our Generation 1 working prototype device was a significant milestone for the Company. It has been used in internal testing and sensor characterization work to inform the development of our Generation 2 prototype device. We have also announced the work being done on the Generation 2 prototype device, which is a wearable format and may be a potential final format that would be presented to the FDA for market clearance. We will make further announcements regarding the product as development, testing, manufacturing, and regulatory approval work progresses. 

Our efforts are entirely focused on productizing our sensor technology and collecting high quality data for validation purposes, including third-party studies, and appropriate and required clinical trials. At this point in our development cycle, the hardware continues to be miniaturized and optimized, the product form factor is moving in the direction of a final product that will be used for FDA clinical trials and the algorithms which provide results from the data collected by our sensor are being refined to improve accuracy.

Sales and Marketing

While we continue with our internal development efforts and the move toward clinical trials for FDA clearance of our non-invasive blood glucose monitor, we will explore the several potential avenues for moving our first product and potential follow-on products into the marketplace.  The avenues being explored include direct to consumer, initial launch partners, broad distribution partners, licensing partners and private label approaches to the market, among others.  As part of our growth strategy, we have begun discussions around joint development agreements with potential biopharma, medical device, and consumer electronics partners. These would be strategic collaborations that could help us accelerate development and commercial launch. In parallel, we have begun to build our internal commercial and marketing team in preparation for detailed strategic thinking about the optimal approach to the marketplace. We attend and engage in conferences focused on diabetes management and technology, which are valuable for building Know Labs’ reputation and network in the space.

Competition

The technology industry, generally, and blood glucose monitoring and other medical diagnostic markets in particular, are intensely competitive, subject to rapid change and significantly affected by new product introductions and other market activities by industry participants. To compete successfully, we will need to demonstrate the advantages of our products and technologies over well-established alternative solutions, products, and technologies, including legacy providers of blood glucose monitoring technology, as well as newer ones that are working to achieve a non-invasive solution or more acceptable blood glucose monitoring solutions which may or may not be similar to our technology, and convince consumers and enterprises of the advantages of our products and technologies.

We group our competition into three large categories. Those are (i) large global technology companies who may enter the blood glucose monitoring and other medical diagnostic markets, (ii) legacy providers of blood glucose monitoring technology, and (iii) new entrants working to achieve a non-invasive solution or more acceptable blood glucose monitoring solutions which may or may not be similar to our technology. With regard to companies in each category, we perform due diligence from all publicly available sources of information on their relevant technologies and their product plans. This information informs and refines our activities and underscores our sense of urgency as we work to bring our own technology to the marketplace. As it relates to all competitors, we continue to focus on building the world’s most robust patent portfolio in this space. PatSnap Research and ipCapital Group, two leading patent analytic firms, have ranked Know Labs #1 for global patent leadership in non-invasive glucose monitoring patents. We have retained both organizations to perform patent related work.  We continue to build out our patent portfolio and grow our trade secret AI and ML driven algorithms. Patents issued, pending, and in-process increased from 107 to 264 year over year (+147% vs. market +35%) reflecting our high rate of innovation. 

With respect to our planned non-invasive glucose monitor, we will face direct and indirect competition from a number of competitors who have developed or are developing products for continuous monitoring of glucose levels. These competitors include DexCom, Inc., Abbott Laboratories, Medtronic plc, Roche Diagnostics, LifeScan, Inc., Ascensia Diabetes Care Holdings AG, Senseonics Holdings, Inc., Integrity Applications, Inc., Nemaura Medical, Biolinq Inc., and Profusa, Inc. Our planned solution will also compete with traditional glucometers, which remain an inexpensive alternative. We also compete with companies who are seeking to create non-invasive glucose monitors, such as Movano, Inc., Hagar, and DiaMonTech AG.  Because of the large size of the potential market for our products, it is possible that new or existing competitors may develop competing products, procedures, or clinical solutions that could prove to be more effective, safer, or less costly than our solution. The introduction of new products, procedures, or clinical solutions by competitors may result in price reductions, reduced margins, or loss of market share, or may render our products obsolete. Many of the companies we will compete with enjoy significantly greater name recognition and have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals, and sales and marketing of approved products than we have.

Mergers and acquisitions in the medical device, biotechnology and diagnostic industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Other small or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. There are also several academic and other institutions involved in various phases of technology development regarding blood glucose monitoring devices.

Competitive Advantages

We believe our key competitive strengths include:

Growth Strategy

The key elements of our strategy to grow our business include:

Research and Development

Our current research and development efforts are primarily focused on improving our radio frequency spectroscopy technology for the monitoring of blood glucose. As part of this effort, we continuously perform clinical testing of our devices following IRB-approved protocols, and we conduct on-going laboratory testing to ensure that application methods are compatible with the end-user and regulatory requirements, and that they can be implemented in a cost-effective manner. As resources permit, we plan to focus on extending the capacity of our sensor technology to identify new analytes and applications. Our current internal team along with outside consultants have considerable experience working with the application of our technologies. We engage third party experts as required to supplement our internal team. We incurred expenses of $1,486,000 and $1,743,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, on development activities.

The cornerstone of our foundational platform technology is our intellectual property portfolio. We have pursued an active intellectual property strategy which includes focus on patents where appropriate and a diligent protection of trade secrets. To date, we have been granted 33 patents and 26 design patents. These include 13 patents on our early work on the visible and near visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, which were a point of creative departure as we explored and invented our current radio frequency sensor technology. These also include 9 patents related to our Particle subsidiary. We currently have a number of patents pending and continue, on a regular basis, with the filing of new patents. If we include pending patents, our IP portfolio reaches 261 patents issued and pending, which positions the company as the top worldwide IP holder in non-invasive blood glucose monitoring, according to ipCapital Group, a leading IP and innovation consulting firm. We possess all rights, title and interest to the issued patents.

Our issued patents will expire at various times between 2027 and 2047. Pending patents, if and when issued, may have expiration dates that extend further in time. The duration of our trademark registrations varies from country to country. However, trademarks are generally valid and may be renewed indefinitely as long as they are in use and/or their registrations are properly maintained.

The issued patents cover the fundamental aspects of our radio frequency spectroscopy technology and a number of unique applications. We have filed patents, which are pending, on the additional fundamental aspects of our technology and growing number of unique applications. We will continue, over time, to expand our patent portfolio.  

Additionally, significant aspects of our technology are maintained as trade secrets which may not be disclosed through the patent filing process. We are diligent in maintaining and securing our trade secrets, in particular as they involve our AI and ML driven algorithms.

We shall also have an exclusive, perpetual and royalty free right to any patent(s) or other intellectual property which Phillip Bosua, someone working under direction of Phillip Bosua, or any successor or assignee develops, relating to Know Labs’ technology within a period of five years after January 23, 2023.

Related Patent Assets

Inherent in a platform technology is the ability to develop or license technology in diverse fields of use apart from our core focus. We focus on human health and wellness with a first focus on the non-invasive monitoring of blood glucose. We plan to pursue the identification of a multitude of analytes in the human body that are important to diagnostics over time. We also plan to identify, over time, opportunities for our intellectual property to be deployed in areas outside of human health and wellness. 

We may, although we cannot guarantee that we will, create other such subsidiaries over time.  Additionally, we may license our intellectual property to third parties so that they may pursue activities that are not a part of our core focus.

Employees

As of December 31, 2023, we had 12 full-time and part-time employees. Our senior management and other personnel are co-located in our Seattle, Washington offices and remote. The Company expanded its utilization of consulting firms and individual contractors to supplement our reduced workforce in an effort to reduce fixed expenses and extend operating resources.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

We are focused on the development and commercialization of our proprietary sensor technology utilizing radio and microwave spectroscopy. When paired with our machine learning platform, our technology is capable of uniquely identifying and measuring almost any material or analyte using electromagnetic energy to detect, record, identify, and measure the unique “signature” of said materials or analytes. The first application of our sensor technology is in a product to non-invasively monitor blood glucose levels. This device will require US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance before entering the market. 

On April 30, 2020, we incorporated our wholly owned subsidiary, Particle, Inc. Particle was focused on the development and commercialization of our extensive intellectual property relating to electromagnetic energy outside of the medical diagnostic arena, which remains our company’s singular focus. Since incorporation, Particle was engaged in research and development activities on threaded light bulbs that have a warm white light and can inactivate germs, including bacteria and viruses. Particle is now looking for partners to take this product to market.

On September 17, 2021, we incorporated our wholly owned subsidiary, AI Mind, Inc., for the purpose of identifying and capitalizing on market opportunities for our AI deep learning platform (discussed below). The first activity undertaken by AI Mind was the creation of graphical images expressed as non-fungible tokens, or NFTs, utilizing the AI deep learning platform. During the year ended September 30, 2022, AI Mind, operating our AI deep learning platform, began generating revenue from digital asset sales of NFT’s and had sales of $4,360,000. AI Mind was dissolved on July 25, 2023.

Recent Developments

On September 15, 2023, we signed amendments to the convertible promissory or OID notes, held by Clayton A. Struve and Ron Erickson, who also serves as our Chief Executive Officer, to extend the due dates to September 30, 2024.

On September 29, 2023, we closed an offering of our common stock pursuant to which we sold 28,000,000 shares of common stock, at a purchase price of $0.25 per share. After deducting underwriting commissions and other offering expenses, we received net proceeds of $5,472,791. As part of the offering, we issued common stock purchase warrants to the underwriter representatives to purchase an aggregate of 1,960,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.25 per share, subject to adjustments. The warrants are immediately exercisable and may be exercised at any time and from time to time, in whole or in part, until September 26, 2028 and may be exercised on a cashless basis.

On October 26, 2023, we closed an offering of our common stock pursuant to which we sold 883,061 shares of common stock, at a purchase price of $0.25 per share. After deducting underwriting commissions and other offering expenses, we received net proceeds of $203,105. We issued common stock purchase warrants to Boustead Securities, LLC and The Benchmark Company, LLC to purchase an aggregate of 123,648 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.25 per share, subject to adjustments.

Based upon the modified terms and conditions of our Series C preferred stock and Series D preferred stock certificates of designations, it was determined that Series C preferred stock and Series D preferred stock dividends need to be accreted going forward. As of December 31, 2023, cumulative unpaid Series C preferred stock and Series D preferred stock dividends totaled approximately $800,000, which on a converted-to-common-stock basis represents approximately 3,202,000 shares of common stock. We have recorded $3,590,283 in cumulative deemed dividends related to Series C preferred stock and D preferred stock which have not been paid, net of the approximately $351,000 of accumulated dividends with respect to the Series D preferred stock that were settled for 1,402,784 shares of common stock. Mr. Struve is subject to an ownership blocker limiting his ownership to 4.99% of our outstanding shares of common stock and thus the number of common shares he can receive for dividends. Unpaid accreted stock dividends will be issued to Mr. Struve if he converts preferred stock or if the Board declares a dividend thereon, limited to his 4.99% ownership blocker. Assuming no changes in the amount of outstanding Series C preferred stock or Series D preferred stock ownership, going forward on a quarterly basis the Company will accrete as a preferred dividend the value of approximately 160,000 shares of common stock, which are issuable if such dividends become payable as additional shares of preferred stock, and such preferred stock is then converted into common stock.

On February 27, 2024, we (a) entered into a securities purchase agreement with the selling stockholder pursuant to which we may issue to the selling stockholder one or more senior convertible notes in the aggregate principal amount of up $14,400,000 for an aggregate purchase price equal to up to $12,000,000 and common stock purchase warrants and (b) issued the Note and the Warrant to the selling stockholder in exchange for a purchase price of $4,000,000.

On March 20, 2024, we entered into an At the Market Offering Agreement with The Benchmark Company, LLC pursuant to which we may, from time to time, offer and sell shares of our common stock through or to The Benchmark Company, LLC as our sales agent or manager in an aggregate amount of up to $5,000,000.

Principal Factors Affecting Our Financial Performance

Our operating results are primarily affected by the following factors: 

Segment Reporting

The Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standard Codification, or ASC, Topic 280, Segment Reporting, requires that an enterprise report selected information about reportable segments in its financial reports issued to its stockholders. The Company considers the business to currently have one operating segment: the development of its radio frequency spectroscopy technology with a first focus on non-invasively ascertaining blood glucose levels. Previous segments included (i) Particle, Inc. technology; and (ii) AI Mind, Inc. sales of NFT products. Particle commenced operations in the year ended September 30, 2020. It is now looking for partners to take the product to market. AI Mind commenced operations during the year ended September 30, 2022. AI Mind was dissolved on July 25, 2023.

Results of Operations During the Three Months Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

The following table sets forth key components of our results of operations during the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands).

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses for the three months ended December 31, 2023 decreased $256,000 to $1,487,000 as compared to $1,743,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was due to decreased personnel, use of consultant, expenditures related to the development of our radio frequency spectroscopy Bio-RFID™ technology. During the year ended September 30, 2023, we reduced our headcount by nine and operating expenses and used external consultants to reduce the future cost of the development of our Bio-RFID™ technology.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended December 31, 2023 increased $106,000 to $2,011,000 as compared to $1,905,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The increase primarily was due to (i) an increase of $280,000 in salaries; (ii) a decrease in insurance of $101,000; and (iii) a decrease in other expenses of $73,000. As part of the selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded $69,000 and $52,000, respectively, of investor relationship and business development expenses.

Other Income (Expense), Net. Other income (expense), net for the three months ended December 31, 2023 was $51,000 as compared to other expense net of $175,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The other income, net for the three months ended December 31, 2023 included interest income of $51,000.

The other expense, net for the three months ended December 31, 2022 included (i) interest expense of $227,000, offset by (ii) interest income of $52,000.

Net Loss. Net loss for the three months ended December 31, 2023 was $3,447,000 as compared to $3,823,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The net loss for the three months ended December 31, 2023 included non-cash expenses of $792,000. The non-cash items include (i) depreciation and amortization of $19,000; (ii) stock based compensation- stock options of $699,000; (iii) issuance of common stock for services of $26,000; and (iv) amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset of $48,000.  

The net loss for the three months ended December 31, 2022 included non-cash expenses of $1,097,000. The non-cash items include (i) depreciation and amortization of $103,000; (ii) stock based compensation- stock options of $744,000; (iii) expenses for extension of notes and warrants of $207,000; (iv) amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset of $44,000 and offset by (v) other of $1,000.

Results of Operations During the Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table sets forth key components of our results of operations during the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands).

Revenues. Revenue- digital asset sales for the year ended September 30, 2023 was $0 as compared to $4,360,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022. We do not expect future activity or revenue from that source. Our Artificial Intelligence (AI) deep learning platform has generated revenue- digital asset sales of $4,360,000 from Non-Fungible Token (NFT) sales. 

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses for the year ended September 30, 2023 increased $2,341,000 to $7,727,000 as compared to $5,386,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022.  The increase was due to increased personnel, use of consultants, expenditures related to the development of our radio frequency spectroscopy Bio-RFID™ technology. During the end of the three months ended June 30, 2023, we reduced our headcount by nine and operating expenses and used external consultants to reduce the future cost of the development of our Bio-RFID™ technology. 

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended September 30, 2023 decreased $1,547,000 to $6,571,000 as compared to $8,118,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022. The decrease primarily was due to (i) a decrease of $1,466,000 in stock based compensation; (ii) a decrease in compensation expense of $451,000 related to warrants issued for services; (iii) a decrease in common stock issued for services of $183,000; offset by (iv) an increase in insurance of $420,000; and (v) an increase in other expenses of $133,000. As part of the selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, we recorded $305,000 and $380,000, respectively, of investor relationship and business development expenses. 

Selling and Transactional Costs for Digital Asset Sales. Selling and transactional for digital asset sales were ($274,000) as compared $3,430,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022. During 2022, our Artificial Intelligence (AI) deep learning platform has generated revenue- digital asset sales of $4,360,000 from Non-Fungible Token (NFT) sales. The benefit for the year ended September 30, 2023 included an adjustment of our estimate for sales and use tax related to the sale of digital assets.  Such costs for the year ended September 30, 2022 included digital asset conversion loss, consulting, bonus compensation transaction fees, taxes, royalties and other costs. 

Other (Expense), Net. Other expense, net for the year ended September 30, 2023 was $1,265,000 as compared to other expense, net of $7,497,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022. The other expense, net for the year ended September 30, 2023 included (i) interest income of $127,000; offset by (ii) interest expense of $390,000 related to convertible notes payable and the modification and extension of terms; (iii) loss on debt extinguishment of $507,000 related to the extension of convertible notes payable; and (iv) other expense of $495,000 related to the write-off of certain equipment.

The other expense, net for the year ended September 30, 2022 included (i) interest expense of $8,034,000 related to convertible notes payable and the amortization of the beneficial conversion feature and value of warrants issued; and offset by (ii) other income of $522,000 primarily related to the forgiveness of notes payable- PPP loans and other debt and (iii) interest income of $15,000.

Net Loss. Net loss for the year ended September 30, 2023 was $15,289,000 as compared to $20,071,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022. The net loss for the year ended September 30, 2023 included non-cash expenses of $4,768,000. The non-cash items include (i) depreciation and amortization of $313,000; (ii) loss on sale of assets of $550,000; (iii) loss on debt extinguishment of $507,000; (iv) modification of notes and warrants- interest expense of $350,000; (v) stock based compensation- stock options of $2,956,000; and (vi) amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset of $142,000.  

The net loss for the year ended September 30, 2022 included non-cash expenses of $12,164,000. The non-cash items include (i) depreciation and amortization of $321,000; (ii) issuance of common stock for services of $183,000; (iii) issuance of common stock warrants for services of $452,000; (iv) stock based compensation- stock options of $4,422,000; (v) amortization of debt discount as interest expense of $7,273,000; (vi) other of $35,000; offset by (vii) gain on debt settlement of $269,000; and (viii) gain on forgiveness of note payable- PPP loans of $253,000.

Liquidity and Capital Resources During the Three Months Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Liquidity is the ability of a company to generate funds to support its current and future operations, satisfy its obligations, and otherwise operate on an ongoing basis. Significant factors in the management of liquidity are funds generated by operations, levels of accounts receivable and accounts payable and capital expenditures.

We have cash and cash equivalents of $4,821,000 and net working capital of approximately $3,796,000 (exclusive of convertible notes payable) as of December 31, 2023. We anticipate that we will record losses from operations for the foreseeable future. As of December 31, 2023, our accumulated deficit was $125,351,000 and net losses in the amount of $3,447,000, $15,289,000 and $20,071,000 during the three months ended December 31, 2023 and years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We incurred non-cash expenses of $792,000, $4,768,000, and $12,164,000 during the three months ended December 31, 2023 and the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

We have financed our corporate operations and our technology development through the issuance of convertible debentures, the issuance of preferred stock, the sale of common stock and the exercise of warrants. During the remainder of 2024, we expect to raise additional funds through the issuance of preferred stock, convertible debentures or equity.

On September 29, 2023, we closed an offering of our common stock pursuant to which we sold 28,000,000 shares of common stock, at a purchase price of $0.25 per share. After deducting underwriting commissions and other offering expenses, we received net proceeds of $5,472,791.

During the end of the quarter ended June 30, 2023, the Company made some adjustments to its staffing level, and the impact of those adjustments, plus the departure of our chief technology and executive officer, has significantly reduced our monthly burn rate. The Company will further adjust its cost structure if new debt or equity capital is not received. We believe that we have enough available cash to operate until August 31, 2024.

The proceeds of warrants currently outstanding, to the extent not exercised on a cashless basis, may generate potential proceeds. We cannot provide assurance that any of these warrants will be exercised.

Operating Activities 

Net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $3,393,000 and $2,917,000, respectively. The net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended December 31, 2023 was primarily related to (i) a net loss of $3,447,000; (ii) working capital changes of $738,000; and offset by (iii) non-cash expenses of $792,000. The non-cash items include (iv) depreciation and amortization of $19,000; (v) stock based compensation- stock options of $699,000; (vi) issuance of common stock for services of $26,000; and (vii) amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset of $48,000.  

The net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended December 31, 2022 was primarily related to (i) a net loss of 3,823,000; (ii) working capital changes of $194,000; and (iii) non-cash expenses of $1,097,000.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $13,000 and $11,000, respectively. There amounts were primarily related to the investment in equipment for research and development.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $203,000 and $15,000, respectively. The net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended December 31, 2023 was primarily related to issuance of common stock for a common stock offering, net of expenses of $203,000. On October 26, 2023, we closed an offering of our common stock pursuant to which we sold 883,061 shares of common stock, at a purchase price of $0.25 per share. After deducting underwriting commissions and other offering expenses, we received net proceeds of $203,105.

The net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended December 31, 2022 was primarily related to (i) proceeds from the issuance of common stock for the exercise of warrants of $13,000; and (ii) proceeds from the issuance of common stock for the exercise of stock option grants of $2,000.

Our contractual cash obligations as of December 31, 2023 are summarized in the table below:

Liquidity and Capital Resources During the Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

Liquidity is the ability of a company to generate funds to support its current and future operations, satisfy its obligations, and otherwise operate on an ongoing basis. Significant factors in the management of liquidity are funds generated by operations, levels of accounts receivable and accounts payable and capital expenditures. 

We have cash and cash equivalents of $8,024,000 and net working capital of approximately $6,264,000 (exclusive of convertible notes payable) as of September 30, 2023. We anticipate that we will record losses from operations for the foreseeable future. As of September 30, 2023, our accumulated deficit was $121,841,000 and net losses in the amount of $15,289,000 and $20,071,000 during the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We incurred non-cash expenses of $4,768,000, and $12,164,000 during the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

We have financed our corporate operations and our technology development through the issuance of convertible debentures, the issuance of preferred stock, the sale of common stock and the exercise of warrants. During the remainder of 2024, we expect to raise additional funds through the issuance of preferred stock, convertible debentures or equity.

On September 29, 2023, we closed an offering of our common stock pursuant to which we sold 28,000,000 shares of common stock, at a purchase price of $0.25 per share. After deducting underwriting commissions and other offering expenses, we received net proceeds of $5,472,791. 

During the end of the quarter ended June 30, 2023, the Company made some adjustments to its staffing level, and the impact of those adjustments, plus the departure of our chief technology and executive officer, has significantly reduced our monthly burn rate. The Company will further adjust its cost structure if new debt or equity capital is not received. We believe that we have enough available cash to operate until August 31, 2024.

The proceeds of warrants currently outstanding, to the extent not exercised on a cashless basis, may generate potential proceeds. We cannot provide assurance that any of these warrants will be exercised.

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $10,354,000 and $6,920,000, respectively. The net cash used in operating activities for the year ended September 30, 2023 was primarily related to (i) a net loss of $15,289,000; offset by (ii) working capital changes of $167,000; and (iii) non-cash expenses of $4,768,000. The non-cash items include (iv) depreciation and amortization of $313,000; (v) loss on disposal assets of $550,000; (vi) loss on debt extinguishment of $507,000; (vii) modification of notes and warrants- interest expense of $350,000; (viii) stock based compensation- stock options of $2,956,000; and (ix) amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset of $142,000.  

The net cash used in operating activities for the year ended September 30, 2022 was primarily related to (i) a net loss of $20,071,000; offset by (ii) working capital changes of $987,000 related to Our Artificial Intelligence (AI) Deep Learning Platform has generated initial revenue from Non-Fungible Token (NFT) sales and incurred certain expenses; and (iii) non-cash expenses of $12,164,000. The non-cash items include (iv) depreciation and amortization of $321,000; (v) issuance of common stock for services of $183,000; (vi) issuance of common stock warrants for services of $452,000; (vii) stock based compensation- stock options of $4,422,000; (viii) amortization of debt discount as interest expense of $7,273,000; (ix) other of $13,000; offset by (x) gain on debt settlement of $269,000; and (xi) gain on forgiveness of note payable- PPP loans of $253,000. 

Investing Activities 

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $81,000 and $855,000, respectively. There amounts were primarily related to the investment in equipment for research and development. 

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $5,865,000 and $8,111,000, respectively. The net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended September 30, 2023 was primarily related to (i) proceeds from the issuance of common stock for the exercise of warrants of $387,000; (ii) proceeds from the issuance of common stock for the exercise of stock option grants of $5,000; issuance of common stock for a common stock offering, net of expenses of $5,472,791. On September 29, 2023, we closed an offering of our common stock pursuant to which we sold 28,000,000 shares of common stock, at a purchase price of $0.25 per share. After deducting underwriting commissions and other offering expenses, we received net proceeds of $5,472,791. 

The net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended September 30, 2022 was primarily related to (i) proceeds from the issuance of common stock for the exercise of warrants of $838,000; (ii) proceeds from the issuance of common stock for the exercise of stock option grants of $27,000; issuance of common stock for NYSE uplisting, net of expenses of $7,425,000; and offset by the repayment of notes payable- PPP loans of $179,000. On September 20, 2022, we completed a public offering of our common stock pursuant to which we sold 4,140,000 shares of common stock, at a purchase price of $2.00. After deducting underwriting commissions and other offering expenses, we received net proceeds of $7,425,000. 

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements (as that term is defined in Item 303 of Regulation S-K) that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, revenue or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Critical Accounting Policies Involving Significant Estimates

The following discussion relates to critical accounting policies for our Company which involve significant estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, requires our management to make assumptions, estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported, including the notes thereto, and related disclosures of commitments and contingencies, if any. We have identified certain accounting policies that are significant to the preparation of our financial statements. These accounting policies are important for an understanding of our financial condition and results of operation. Critical accounting policies are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require management’s difficult, subjective, or complex judgment, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods. Certain accounting estimates are particularly sensitive because of their significance to financial statements and because of the possibility that future events affecting the estimate may differ significantly from management’s current judgments. We believe the following critical accounting policies involve the most significant estimates and judgments used in the preparation of our financial statements:

Revenue Recognition. We determine revenue recognition from contracts with customers through the following steps:

Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses consist of the cost of officers, employees, consultants and contractors who design, engineer and develop new products and processes as well as materials, supplies and facilities used in producing prototypes.

Fair Value Measurements and Financial Instruments. ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures, defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. This topic also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which requires classification based on observable and unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The fair value hierarchy distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and an entity’s own assumptions (unobservable inputs). The hierarchy consists of three levels:

Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities; 

Level 2 – Inputs other than level one inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable; and

Level 3 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.   

The recorded value of other financial assets and liabilities, which consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other current assets, and accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate the fair value of the respective assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023 are based upon the short-term nature of the assets and liabilities. 

We have a money market account which is considered a Level 1 asset. The balance as of December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023 was $4,787,378, and $7,836,393, respectively. No other assets or liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value on a recurring nature.

Derivative Financial Instruments. Pursuant to ASC 815 “Derivatives and Hedging”, we evaluate all of our financial instruments to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives. We then determine if embedded derivative must be bifurcated and separately accounted for. For derivative financial instruments that are accounted for as liabilities, the derivative instrument is initially recorded at its fair value and is then re-valued at each reporting date, with changes in the fair value reported in the consolidated statements of operations. For stock-based derivative financial instruments, we use a Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model to value the derivative instruments at inception and on subsequent valuation dates. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is evaluated at the end of each reporting period. Derivative instrument liabilities are classified in the balance sheet as current or non-current based on whether or not net-cash settlement of the derivative instrument could be required within twelve months of the balance sheet date. We determined that the conversion features for purposes of bifurcation within convertible notes payable issued during 2020 and 2021 were immaterial and as of December 31, 2023 all such convertible notes have been converted to common stock. 

Stock Based Compensation. We have share-based compensation plans under which employees, consultants, suppliers and directors may be granted restricted stock, as well as options and warrants to purchase shares of common stock at the fair market value at the time of grant. Stock-based compensation cost to employees is measured by us at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, over the requisite service period under ASC 718. For options issued to employees, we recognize stock compensation costs utilizing the fair value methodology over the related period of benefit.

Convertible Securities. Based upon ASC 815-15, we have adopted a sequencing approach regarding the application of ASC 815-40 to convertible securities to determine if an instrument should be accounted for as equity or a liability. We will evaluate our contracts based upon the earliest issuance date. 

DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

The following sets forth, as of March 25, 2024, the name, age, position and certain information of each executive officer and director and the tenure in office of each director of the Company. 

Identification of Directors and Executive Officers

The following table sets forth certain information about our current directors and executive officers:

Set forth below is information regarding our directors and executive officers.

Ronald P. Erickson.  Mr. Erickson was appointed as Chief Executive Officer in January 2023. Mr. Erickson previously served as our Chief Executive Officer from November 2009 to April 2018. He has served as Chairman of the Board from 2004 to 2011 and from 2015 to the present. A senior executive with more than 30 years of experience in the technology, telecommunications, software, and digital media industries, Mr. Erickson was the founder of our company. He is formerly Chairman, CEO and Co-Founder of Blue Frog Media, a mobile media and entertainment company; Chairman and CEO of eCharge Corporation, an Internet-based transaction procession company; Chairman, CEO and Co-founder of GlobalTel Resources, a provider of telecommunications services; Chairman, Interim President and CEO of Egghead Software, Inc., a software reseller where he was an original investor; Chairman and CEO of NBI, Inc.; and Co-founder of MicroRim, Inc., the database software developer. Earlier, Mr. Erickson practiced law in Seattle and worked in public policy in Washington, DC and New York, NY. Additionally, Mr. Erickson has been an angel investor and board member of a number of public and private technology companies. In addition to his business activities, Mr. Erickson was Chairman and a member of the Board of Trustees from 2010 to 2021 of Central Washington University where he received his BA degree. He also holds an MA from the University of Wyoming and a JD from the University of California, Davis. He is licensed to practice law in the State of Washington. Mr. Erickson is our founder and was appointed as a director because of his extensive experience in developing technology companies.

Peter J. Conley. Mr. Conley has served as our Chief Financial Officer and SVP Intellectual Property since May 2022. In addition, Mr. Conley currently serves as Senior Managing Director and Head of Intellectual Property Banking at Boustead Securities, LLC, a position he has held since October 2014, where he provides equity financing and M&A advisory services to small-cap public companies. Prior to that, from 2012 to 2016, Mr. Conley was a cofounder and Chief Operating Officer of ipCreate, a global IP development and innovation services company serving large multinational companies. He also served as managing director of ipCapital Venture Group, where he provided IP strategy and venture advisory services. During his career spanning more than 35 years, Mr. Conley has held leadership roles at MDB Capital Group, The Analytiq Group / RDEX Research, Roth Capital Partners, and Lehman Brothers. He was on the founding team and Head of Equity Capital Markets at E*Offering, the investment bank of E*Trade. Mr. Conley attended the University of Hawaii at Manoa and the University of London, Center for Financial & Management Studies, SOAS.

William A. Owens. Admiral Owens has served as an independent director since May 2018. William A. Owens is the co-founder and executive chairman of Red Bison Technology Group, a company which installs and operates high speed telecoms networks and technology in large office buildings. He is the Chairman of Visionary Vehicles which is building a series of automobiles focused on electric and hydrogen powered cars, Kyrrex which is a successful and growing Crypto Currency Exchange operating in Europe, and Massif, an electric bicycle company.  Owens serves on the board of directors of the public companies, Siply, Know Labs, and Compass, and is a director of the private companies: TruU, Tethr, ViruSight, Prism, Steel Grove, JennyCo, Axxess Capital, Versium, and Viome.  Owens was the chairman of the board of CenturyLink Telecom (now Lumen), the third largest telecommunications company in the United States and SAP USA. Owens is on the board of trustees of Seattle University, and the Fiscal Responsibility Amendment (CFFRA) Association which aims to establish a balanced budget amendment to the US Constitution. He is a member of the Council of Foreign Relations. He is the Founder and senior General on a China US forum to bring 4 star generals together for China US cooperation.  He is a Senior Fellow at Stimson Institute. From 2007 to 2015, Owens was the Chairman and Senior Partner of AEA Investors Asia, a private equity firm located in Hong Kong, and Vice Chairman of the NYSE for Asia. Owens also served as the Chairman of Eastern Airlines. He has served on over 25 public boards including Daimler, British American Tobacco, Telstra, Nortel Networks, and Polycom.

Owens was the CEO of Nortel, a fortune 500 company, the CEO/Chairman of Teledesic, a Bill Gates/Craig McCaw company bringing worldwide broadband through an extensive satellite network and was the President of Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). He also served on the boards of the not-for-profit organizations; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Brookings Institution, East West Institute, and RAND Corporation.

Owens is a retired four-star US Navy Admiral. He was Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the second-ranking United States military officer in the US, with responsibility for reorganizing and restructuring the armed forces in the post- Cold War era. He is widely recognized for bringing commercial high-grade technology into the Department of Defense for military applications. Owens was the architect of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), an advanced systems technology approach to military operations, the most significant change in the system of requirements, budgets and technology for the four armed forces since World War II. Owens was Commander of the U.S. Sixth Fleet from 1990 to 1992, which included Operation Desert Storm. Owens also served as the deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Resources and Requirements. Owens was the Senior Military Assistant to two Secretaries of Defense (Cheney and Carlucci) and served in the Office of Program Appraisal for the Secretary of the Navy. He began his military career as a nuclear submariner. He served on four strategic nuclear-powered submarines and three nuclear attack submarines, including tours as Commanding Officer of the USS Sam Houston, USS Michigan, and USS City of Corpus Christi.

Owens is a 1962 honor graduate of the United States Naval Academy in mathematics, holds bachelors and masters degrees in politics, philosophy and economics from Oxford University, and a master’s degree in management from George Washington University. He has written more than 50 articles on national security and authored the book “High Seas.”  His book, “Lifting the Fog of War,” was published in April 2000 with a revision published in Mandarin in 2009. And his book “China-US 2039: The Endgame?” was published in 2019 in both English and Mandarin.

Owens has received numerous recognitions and awards: the “Légion d’Honneur” by France, and the highest awards given to foreigners by the countries of Indonesia and Sweden. He was named as one of The 50 Most Powerful People in Networking by Network World, one of the 100 Best Board Members in the United States for 2011 and again in 2016 awarded by NACD, and the Intrepid Salute Award in recognition of his business achievements and support of important philanthropic activities. Owens is active in philanthropy to foster Chinese – American relations including dialogues between the most senior retired officers in the United States and Chinese militaries. He is a North Dakota’s Roughriders recipients, the award given annually to the most prominent North Dakotans. Admiral Owens was appointed as a director of Know Labs because of his financials and governance skills.

Jon Pepper. Mr. Pepper has served as an independent director since April 2006. Mr. Pepper founded Pepcom, a company that become the industry leader at producing press-only technology showcase events around the country and internationally, in 1980. He sold his stake in the corporation and retired as a partner at the end of 2018. Prior to that, Mr. Pepper started the DigitalFocus newsletter, a ground-breaking newsletter on digital imaging that was distributed to leading influencers worldwide. Mr. Pepper has been closely involved with the high technology revolution since the beginning of the personal computer era. He was formerly a well-regarded journalist and columnist. His work on technology subjects appeared in The New York Times, Fortune, PC Magazine, Men’s Journal, Working Woman, PC Week, Popular Science and many other well-known publications. Mr. Pepper was educated at Union College in Schenectady, New York and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen. He continues to be active in non-profit work and private company boards and in 2017 founded Mulberry Tree Films, a non-profit that supports independent high-quality documentary films and other publishing and creative projects that are oriented toward increasing the understanding of human potential and creativity. Mulberry Tree funded and produced the acclaimed documentary, “The Gates of Shinto” and is currently at work on additional projects. Mr. Pepper was appointed as a director because of his marketing skills with technology companies. Mr. Pepper was appointed as a director because of his marketing skills with technology companies.

Ichiro Takesako. Mr. Takesako has served as a director since December 2012. Mr. Takesako has held executive positions with Sumitomo Precision Products Co., Ltd, or Sumitomo, and its affiliates since 1983. In the past few years, Mr. Takesako has held the following executive position in Sumitomo and its affiliates: in June 2008, he was appointed as General Manager of Sales and Marketing Department of Micro Technology Division; in April 2009, he was appointed as General Manager of Overseas Business Department of Micro Technology Division, in charge of M&A activity of certain business segment and assets of Aviza Technology, Inc.; in July 2010, he was appointed as Executive Director of SPP Process Technology Systems, a 100% owned subsidiary of Sumitomo Precision Products at the time; in August 2011, he was appointed as General Manager, Corporate Strategic Planning Group; in January 2013, he was appointed as Chief Executive Officer of M2M Technologies, Inc., a company invested by Sumitomo Precision products; in April 2013, has was appointed as General Manager of Business Development Department, in parallel of CEO of M2M Technologies, Inc.; in April 2014, he was relieved from General Manager of Business Development Department and is responsible for M2M Technologies Inc. as its CEO; in March 2017, he established At Signal, Inc. which took over the entire business operation from M2M Technologies, Inc.; and in April 2017, he was appointed as Chief Executive Officer of At Signal, Inc. Mr. Takesako graduated from Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan where he majored in Social Science and graduated with a Degree of Bachelor of Social Science. Mr. Takesako was appointed as a director based on his previous position with Sumitomo and Sumitomo’s previous significant partnership with our company. Mr. Takesako was appointed as a director based on his previous position with Sumitomo and Sumitomo’s previous significant partnership with our company.

John Cronin. Mr. Cronin has served as an independent director since November 2023. Mr. Cronin is an experienced inventor and intellectual property strategist. Mr. Cronin is Chairman and CEO of ipCapital Group, Inc. (“ipCG”), a globally recognized IP strategy consulting firm founded in 1998, offering more than 45 different services. Mr. Cronin has authored greater than 1,600 patents and applications across hundreds of technology spaces, leveraging the ipCapital Methodology. Before forming ipCG, Mr. Cronin spent over 17 years at IBM and became its top inventor with over 100 patents and 150 patent publications. He created and ran the IBM Patent Factory, which was essential in helping IBM become number one in US patents and led the team that contributed to the startup and success of IBM’s licensing program. Mr. Cronin is also the Chair of the Board of Directors of AdrenalineIP, Chairman of IX-Innovations, and is the Founder of HarvestWeb, a 501(c)3 charitable organization that provides an easy online way to make donations to food pantries. Mr. Cronin previously served on the board of directors of HopTo Inc. (OTC: HPTO) from 2014 to September 2018, and ImageWare® Systems, Inc. (OTCQB: IWSY) from 2012 until April 2020. Mr. Cronin has a B.S. (E.E.), an M.S. (E.E), and a B.A. degree in Psychology from the University of Vermont. As of the year ended September 30, 2023, we have paid ipCapital Group approximately $713,000 in professional fees. Mr. Cronin was appointed as a director based on his domain expertise and extensive experience in patent strategy, development and monetization.

Timothy M. Londergan, Ph.D. Mr. Londergan has served as an independent director since November 2023.  Mr. Londergan is a creative and results oriented business executive with 20 years of experience with early-stage technology companies. In May 2020, Mr. Londergan founded Tangibly, Inc., a company focused on helping companies manage their most valuable assets, trade secrets, through an innovative AI platform that can analyze patents and predict related trade secrets. Mr. Londergan continues to act as CEO of Tangibly, Inc. From May 2017-2021, Mr. Londergan founded and was CEO of WaveFront Venture Labs Pte Ltd, focused on helping leading Fortune 100 corporations incubate new companies based on highly promising, yet currently dormant technologies and was developing a platform to systematically evaluate and extract the most promising technologies trapped inside these companies and create paths to market for them via new company formation. WaveFront was acquired by Boustead Securities in 2021. From January 2018 to June 2020, Mr. Londergan was co-founder and CEO of Operem, Inc., a company that created blockchain based tools for managing intangible assets and was acquired by Abaxx. Mr. Londergan was recently named IAM 300 World’s Leading IP Strategist 2023. Mr. Londergan has 30+ issued patents, 20+ applications along with over 20 publications in peer reviewed journals and conference proceedings. Mr. Londergan holds a Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry, 1998, from the University of Southern California and a B.S. in Chemistry, 1995, from St. Bonaventure University. Mr. Londergan was appointed as a director based on his extensive industry experience working with early-stage technology companies and significant expertise in patent monetization and development of trade secrets programs.

Larry K. Ellingson. Mr. Ellingson has served as an independent director since November 2023.  Mr. Ellingson holds a BS, Pharmacy, from North Dakota State University (NDSU), Fargo, North Dakota and an Executive MBA from Babson College, Babson Park, Massachusetts. From April 23, 2019 to present, Mr. Ellingson has served as a member of Know Labs advisory board. From 2013 to present, Mr. Ellingson is Co-Founder of the Diabetes Leadership Council and Vice Chair Global initiatives. Since 2006 to present, Mr. Ellingson has been President of Global Diabetes Consulting LTD.

Mr. Ellingson retired from Eli Lilly and Company in May 2001 after having been involved as a leader of global diabetes for Lilly for more than half of his career. He has held several other positions at Lilly including Director of Pharmaceutical New Product Planning for gastrointestinal, skeletal, endocrine and infectious diseases, along with responsibility for marketed products in those areas in the late 1980s.

Mr. Ellingson continues to remain active with committee work and board positions for a multitude of organizations, among them are NDSU, Research Park, International Diabetes Federation, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Nurse Practitioners Healthcare Foundation and the American Diabetes Association®. His contributions to the Association have been abundant and far-reaching and have spanned over 20 years. He has held numerous positions within the Association such as member of the Industry Advisory, Strategic Marketing Task Force, Strategic Planning Task Force, Big Ticket Task Force, Pinnacle Society and the Income Development Committee. He has been Chair or Vice Chair for an equally extensive list of bodies within the Association including the Board of Directors, Fundraising Committee, Executive Committee and Nominating Committee. He has unquestionably been a positive force and an integral part of mission delivery.

Mr. Ellingson has been honored several times for his achievements in his field. He was honored by being the first and only non–scientist to receive Eli Lilly’s President’s Award and the Lilly Research Award for contributions to diabetes research. In 2001, Eli Lilly created the Ellingson Legacy Award to honor those who provide outstanding service to the customer. Ellingson was the first recipient of the award. The ADA, Indiana affiliate awarded Mr. Ellingson the J.K. Lilly Award in 2004 for his contributions & service to the field of diabetes. NDSU awarded him the highest honor in 2007, naming him An Outstanding Alumni of the Year for his contributions to the field and to the University. The American Diabetes Association® recognized Mr. Ellingson in 2006 with the Charles H. Best Medal for Outstanding Service for his exceptional contributions as Chair of the Board. The ADA recognized Mr. Ellingson with the prestigious Wendell Mayes Jr. Award in 2013 for his long-term service in diabetes. Mr. Ellingson received an Honorary Membership in 2020 to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics for his contributions to the Academy. He continues to be engaged in diabetes programs and projects through the Diabetes Leadership Council which he cofounded in 2013. He continues to be engaged in diabetes programs and projects through the Diabetes Leadership Council which he cofounded in 2013. Mr. Ellingson was appointed as a director based on his substantial experience in the diabetes industry and his global thought leadership in the field of diabetes.

Term of Office

Our directors currently have terms which will end at our next annual meeting of stockholders or until their successors are elected and qualify, subject to their prior death, resignation or removal. Officers serve at the discretion of the Board.  

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships among any of our officers or directors.

Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings

To the best of our knowledge, except as described below, none of our directors or executive officers has, during the past ten years:

The Board’s Role in Risk Oversight

Our Board oversees that the assets of our company are properly safeguarded, that the appropriate financial and other controls are maintained, and that our business is conducted wisely and in compliance with applicable laws and regulations and proper governance. Included in these responsibilities is the Board’s oversight of the various risks facing our company. In this regard, our Board seeks to understand and oversee critical business risks. Our Board does not view risk in isolation.  Risks are considered in virtually every business decision and as part of our business strategy. Our Board recognizes that it is neither possible nor prudent to eliminate all risk. Indeed, purposeful and appropriate risk-taking is essential for our company to be competitive on a global basis and to achieve our objectives.

While the Board oversees risk management, company management is charged with managing risk. Management communicates routinely with the Board and individual directors on the significant risks identified and how they are being managed. Directors are free to, and indeed often do, communicate directly with senior management.

Our Board administers its risk oversight function as a whole by making risk oversight a matter of collective consideration; however, much of the work is delegated to committees, which will meet regularly and report back to the full Board. The audit committee oversees risks related to our financial statements, the financial reporting process, accounting and legal matters, the compensation committee evaluates the risks and rewards associated with our compensation philosophy and programs, and the nominating and corporate governance committee evaluates risks associated with management decisions and strategic direction.

Attendance at Annual Meetings of Stockholders

We expect that all of our Board members will attend our annual meetings of stockholders in the absence of a showing of good cause for failure to do so and all attended our 2023 annual meeting of stockholders in person or by telephone.

Board Meetings and Committees

During our last fiscal year, each of our directors attended at least 75% of the aggregate of (i) the total number of Board meetings and (ii) the total number of meetings of the committees on which the director served.

Independent Directors

NYSE American’s rules generally require that a majority of an issuer’s board of directors must consist of independent directors. Our board of directors currently consists of seven (7) directors, six (6) of whom, Messrs. Owens, Pepper, Takesako, Cronin, Londergan, and Ellingson are independent within the meaning of NYSE American rules.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Our Board has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee, each with its own charter approved by the Board. Each committee’s charter is available on our website at www.knowlabs.co. In addition, our Board may, from time to time, designate one or more additional committees, which shall have the duties and powers granted to it by our Board.

Audit Committee

William A. Owens, Jon Pepper and Tim Londergan, each of whom satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and NYSE American’s rules, serve on our audit committee, with Mr. Pepper serving as the chairman. Our Board has determined that Mr. Owens qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by applicable SEC rules. The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of the Company.

The audit committee is responsible for, among other things: (i) retaining and overseeing our independent accountants; (ii) assisting the Board in its oversight of the integrity of our financial statements, the qualifications, independence and performance of our independent auditors and our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements; (iii) reviewing and approving the plan and scope of the internal and external audit; (iv) pre-approving any audit and non-audit services provided by our independent auditors; (v) approving the fees to be paid to our independent auditors; (vi) reviewing with our chief executive officer and principal financial officer and independent auditors the adequacy and effectiveness of our internal controls; (vii) reviewing hedging transactions; and (viii) reviewing and assessing annually the audit committee’s performance and the adequacy of its charter. The audit committee is also responsible for preparing a report to be included with this Proxy Statement. Our audit committee met 4 times during the last fiscal year. 

Compensation Committee

William A. Owens, John Cronin and Jon Pepper, each of whom satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 10C-1 under the Exchange Act and NYSE American’s rules, serve on our compensation committee, with Mr. Owens serving as the chairman. The members of the compensation committee are also “non-employee directors” within the meaning of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. The compensation committee assists the Board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers.   

The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things: (i) reviewing and approving the remuneration of our executive officers; (ii) making recommendations to the Board regarding the compensation of our independent directors; (iii) making recommendations to the Board regarding equity-based and incentive compensation plans, policies and programs; and (iv) reviewing and assessing annually the compensation committee’s performance and the adequacy of its charter. Our compensation committee met 4 times during the last fiscal year.

No member of our compensation committee is or has been our current or former officer or employee. None of our executive officers served as a director or a member of a compensation committee (or other committee serving an equivalent function) of any other entity, one of whose executive officers served as a director or member of our compensation committee during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Larry K. Ellingson, Jon Pepper and Ichiro Takesako, each of whom satisfies the “independence” requirements of NYSE American’s rules, serve on our nominating and corporate governance committee, with Mr. Ellingson serving as the chairman. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the Board in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the Board and its committees. 

The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things: (i) identifying and evaluating individuals qualified to become members of the Board by reviewing nominees for election to the Board submitted by stockholders and recommending to the Board director nominees for each annual meeting of stockholders and for election to fill any vacancies on the Board; (ii) advising the Board with respect to Board organization, desired qualifications of Board members, the membership, function, operation, structure and composition of committees (including any committee authority to delegate to subcommittees), and self-evaluation and policies; (iii) advising on matters relating to corporate governance and monitoring developments in the law and practice of corporate governance; (iv) overseeing compliance with our code of ethics; and (v) approving any related party transactions.

The nominating and corporate governance committee’s methods for identifying candidates for election to our Board (other than those proposed by our stockholders, as discussed below) include the solicitation of ideas for possible candidates from a number of sources – members of our Board, our executives, individuals personally known to the members of our Board, and other research. The nominating and corporate governance committee may also, from time-to-time, retain one or more third-party search firms to identify suitable candidates.

In making director recommendations, the nominating and corporate governance committee may consider some or all of the following factors: (i) the candidate’s judgment, skill, and experience with other organizations of comparable purpose, complexity and size, and subject to similar legal restrictions and oversight; (ii) the interplay of the candidate’s experience with the experience of other Board members; (iii) the extent to which the candidate would be a desirable addition to the Board and any committee thereof; (iv) whether or not the person has any relationships that might impair his or her independence; and (v) the candidate’s ability to contribute to the effective management of the Company, taking into account the needs of the Company and such factors as the individual’s experience, perspective, skills and knowledge of the industry in which we operate.

A stockholder may nominate one or more persons for election as a director at an annual meeting of stockholders if the stockholder complies with the notice and information provisions contained in our Bylaws. Such notice must be received in writing to our Company not later than the close of business fourteen (14) days nor earlier than the close of business eighty (80) days prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting; provided, however, that if less than twenty-one (21) days’ notice of the meeting is given to stockholders, such writing shall be received by the Secretary of the Corporation not later than the close of the seventh (7th) day following the day on which notice of the meeting was mailed to stockholders.  In addition, stockholders furnishing such notice must be a holder of record on both (i) the date of delivering such notice and (ii) the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting.

Code of Ethics

We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. Such code of ethics addresses, among other things, honesty and ethical conduct, conflicts of interest, compliance with laws, regulations and policies, including disclosure requirements under the federal securities laws, and reporting of violations of the code.

A copy of the code of ethics has been filed as an exhibit to our registration statement on Form S-1, as amended, July 29, 2022, and is also available on our website as www.knowlabs.io. We are required to disclose any amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of our code of ethics applicable to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, controller, or persons performing similar functions. We intend to use our website as a method of disseminating this disclosure as well as by SEC filings, as permitted or required by applicable SEC rules. Any such disclosure will be posted to our website within four (4) business days following the date of any such amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of our code of ethics. 

Communication with our Board of Directors

Our stockholders and other interested parties may communicate with our Board of Directors by sending written communication in an envelope addressed to “Board of Directors” in care of the Secretary, 500 Union Street, Suite 810, Seattle, Washington 98101.

Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance  

Our executive officers, directors and 10% stockholders are required under Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act to file reports of ownership and changes in ownership with the SEC. Copies of these reports must also be furnished to us.

Based solely on a review of copies of reports furnished to us, as of September 30, 2023 our executive officers, directors and 10% holders complied with all filing requirements except as follows:

Todd Baszucki filed a Form 4 on October 25, 2023 that was required to be filed on October 3, 2023.

Phillip A. Bosua filed a Form 4 on February 14, 2023 that was required to be filed on January 25, 2023.

William A. Owens filed a Form 4 on May 22, 2023 that was required to be filed on May 18, 2023.

Ichiro Takesako filed a Form 4 on April 10, 2023 that was required to be filed on February 17, 2023.

Ichiro Takesako filed a Form 4 on April 20, 2023 that was required to be filed on March 27, 2023.

Jon Pepper filed a Form 4 on April 10, 2023 that was required to be filed on February 17, 2023.

EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The following table sets forth information concerning all cash and non-cash compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to the named persons (our “named executive officers”) for services rendered in all capacities during the years ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. The Company meets the requirements of a “smaller reporting company” and has utilized the scaled reporting requirements available to qualifying companies. No other executive officers received total annual salary and bonus compensation in excess of $100,000.

(1) During the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Compensation Committee and the Board compensated Ronald P. Erickson with a salary of $300,000 from April 1, 2021 to March 15, 2022 and $325,000 from March 15, 2022 to September 30, 2022. From December 14, 2022, Mr. Erickson has been compensated with an annual salary of $375,000. An entity affiliated with and controlled by Mr. Erickson, J3E2A2Z LP, was paid interest of $173,855 during the year ended September 30, 2023. Mr. Erickson was paid deferred compensation of $165,000 during the year ended September 30, 2022, respectively. See “Outstanding Equity Awards at Year-End” for a discussion of option award compensation.

 (2) Mr. Bosua resigned from the Board of Directors and from his position as Chief Executive Officer on January 23, 2023. Mr. Bosua is party to a Separation and Release Agreement with the Company, pursuant to which he was entitled to receive severance payments. Such payments are described in greater detail below under “Employment and Separation Agreements.” During the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Compensation Committee and the Board compensated Phillip A. Bosua at an annual salary of $350,000 from April 1, 2021 to January 23, 2023. Mr. Bosua was also paid $400,000 in severance and $96,440 in rent and other costs during the year ended September 30, 2023. Mr. Bosua was paid $1,097,928 in compensation and $91,500 in rent expenses for services provided to AI Mind, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, in connection with the development of NFT sales for the year ended September 30, 2022. See the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Digital Asset Sales” and Note 4 to the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements, See “Outstanding Equity Awards at Year-End” for a discussion of option award compensation.

(3) Mr. Peter J. Conley has served as our Chief Financial Officer and SVP Intellectual Property since May 2022. During the year ended September 30, 2022, the Compensation Committee and the Board compensated Mr. Conley with an annual salary of $300,000 from May 20, 2022 to September 30, 2022. From December 14, 2022 to September 30, 2023, Mr. Conley has been compensated with an annual salary of $325,000. See “Outstanding Equity Awards at Year-End” for a discussion of option award compensation.

(4)  These amounts reflect the aggregate grant date fair value of awards granted in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, as required by Regulation S-K Item 402(n)(2), computed in accordance with the FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718 (“FASB ASC Topic 718”). All assumptions made in the valuations are contained and described in footnote 8 to the Company’s financial statements for Fiscal 2023 contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The amounts shown in the table reflect the total fair value on the date of the grant.

Employment Agreements

On April 10, 2018, we entered into an amended employment agreement for Ronald P. Erickson which amends our employment agreement with him dated July 1, 2017. The employment agreement provides for a base salary of $180,000 per year, which was increased to $215,000 from May 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021, to $300,000 from April 1, 2021 to March 15, 2022 and to $325,000 from March 15, 2022 to September 30, 2022. From December 14, 2022, Mr. Erickson has been compensated with an annual salary of $375,000. Mr. Erickson will be entitled to participate in all group employment benefits that are offered by us to our senior executives and management employees from time to time, subject to the terms and conditions of such benefit plans, including any eligibility requirements. The employment agreement is for an initial term of 12 months (subject to earlier termination) and will be automatically extended for additional 12-month terms unless either party notifies the other party of its intention to terminate the employment agreement at least ninety (90) days prior to the end of the initial term or renewal term. If we terminate Mr. Erickson’s employment at any time prior to the expiration of the term without cause, as defined in the employment agreement, or if Mr. Erickson terminates his employment at any time for “good reason” or due to a “disability,” Mr. Erickson will be entitled to receive (i) his base salary amount for one year; and (ii) medical benefits for eighteen months. On January 23, 2023, the Board appointed Mr. Erickson our Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Erickson was appointed to serve until his successor is duly elected.

On April 10, 2018, we entered into an employment agreement with Phillip A. Bosua reflecting his appointment as Chief Executive Officer. The employment agreement provided for a base salary of $225,000 per year, which was increased to $260,000 from May 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021 and to $350,000 from April 1, 2021 to January 23, 2023. Mr. Bosua also received 500,000 shares of common stock valued at $0.33 per share and was entitled to bonuses and equity awards at the discretion of the Board or a committee of the Board. Mr. Bosua was entitled to participate in all group employment benefits that are offered by us to our senior executives and management employees from time to time, subject to the terms and conditions of such benefit plans, including any eligibility requirements. The employment agreement was for an initial term of 12 months (subject to earlier termination) and was automatically extended for additional 12-month terms unless either party notified the other party of its intention to terminate the employment agreement at least ninety (90) days prior to the end of the initial term or renewal term. If we terminated Mr. Bosua’s employment at any time prior to the expiration of the term without cause, as defined in the employment agreement, or if Mr. Bosua terminated his employment at any time for “good reason” or due to a “disability,” Mr. Bosua was entitled to receive (i) his base salary amount for one year; and (ii) medical benefits for eighteen months.

On January 23, 2023, Mr. Bosua resigned from the Board and from his position as our Chief Executive Officer.  In connection with his resignation, we entered into a Separation and Release Agreement (the “Separation Agreement”) with Mr. Bosua containing customary terms and mutual releases, pursuant to which Mr. Bosua is entitled receive a $400,000 severance payment and benefits pursuant to his prior employment agreement. Pursuant to the Separation Agreement, Mr. Bosua’s outstanding stock options ceased vesting as of January 23, 2023, and all vested stock options remain exercisable through January 23, 2024. Mr. Bosua has been engaged as a consultant to the Company for a period of one year at a rate of $10,000 per month. Mr. Bosua also entered into a lock up and leak out agreement with respect to 3,005,000 common shares owned by Mr. Bosua and shares issuable upon exercise of his vested option awards. During the period commencing March 17, 2023 through March 17, 2024, Mr. Bosua may sell no more than 1,500,000 shares. During the period commencing April 1, 2024 through June 30, 2026, Mr. Bosua may sell no more than 375,000 shares per quarter (or 1,500,000 shares per year), unless the stock price of our common stock exceeds $5.00 per share on the NYSE American (the “Stock Price Threshold”), then Mr. Bosua may sell a maximum of 750,000 shares during any such quarter that the Stock Price Threshold is met. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any lock-up or leak-out restrictions are waived for any sales of shares from Mr. Bosua to Todd Baszucki.  

On May 13, 2022, we entered into an employment agreement with Peter J. Conley reflecting his appointment as our Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President, Intellectual Property. The employment agreement provides for a base salary of $300,000. From December 14, 2022 to September 30, 2023, Mr. Conley has been compensated with an annual salary of $325,000, Mr. Conley may also be entitled to bonuses from time to time as determined by our Board or our compensation committee in their sole discretion. Mr. Conley is eligible to participate in all our employee benefit plans, policies and arrangements that are applicable to other executive officers, as such plans, policies and arrangements may exist or change from time to time at our discretion. We will reimburse Mr. Conley for reasonable travel, entertainment and other expenses he incurs in the furtherance of his duties under the employment agreement. The employment agreement is at will, meaning either we or Mr. Conley may terminate the employment relationship at any time, with or without cause, upon written notice to the other party. The employment agreement provides for severance pay equal to 12 months of then-in-effect base salary if Mr. Conley is terminated without “cause” or voluntarily terminates his employment for “good reason,” as defined in the employment agreement.

Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End

The following table includes certain information with respect to the value of all unexercised options and unvested shares of restricted stock previously awarded to the executive officers named above at the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.

(1) On November 4, 2019, we granted a stock option grant to Ronald P. Erickson for 1,200,000 shares with an exercise price of $1.10 per share. The performance grant expires November 4, 2024 and vested upon uplisting to the NASDAQ or NYSE exchanges. Our common stock began trading on NYSE American under the symbol “KNW” on September 16, 2022 and we expensed $1,207,200 during the year ended September 30, 2022. On December 15, 2020, we issued a stock option grant to Ronald P. Erickson for 1,865,675 shares at an exercise price of $1.53 per share. The stock option grant expires in five years. The grant vests in increments if the market capitalization of our commons stock exceeds for 20 consecutive trading days starting at $100 million to $1 billion.  We estimated at grant date the fair value of these options at approximately $520,869 which is being amortized over 5 years.  As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, we recorded an expense of $104,172 and a cumulative expense of $186,657, respectively.  We are valuing this stock option using the Monte Carlo pricing model which included key assumptions of 100% stock volatility, five year life and no forfeitures. The stock option grant was not vested as of September 30, 2023 and 2022. On December 15, 2020, we issued an additional stock option grant to Ronald P. Erickson for 1,865,675 shares at an exercise price of $1.53 per share. The stock option grant expires in five years. Our common stock began trading on NYSE American under the symbol “KNW” on September 16, 2022 and we expensed $263,593 during the year ended September 30, 2022. The stock option grants vest when earned based on certain performance criteria. On December 15, 2020, we issued a fully vested warrant to Ronald P. Erickson for 2,000,000 shares of common stock. The five year warrant is exercisable for cash or non-cash at $1.53 per share and was valued using a Black-Scholes model at $1,811,691. On December 16, 2021, we issued a stock option grant to Ronald P. Erickson for 1,000,000 shares at an exercise price of $2.09 per share. The stock option grant expires in five years. The stock option grant vests quarterly over four years. On December 14, 2022, we issued a stock option grant to Ronald P. Erickson for 1,000,000 shares at an exercise price of $1.41 per share. The stock option grant expires in five years. The stock option grant vests quarterly over four years.

 (2) On July 30, 2018, Mr. Bosua was awarded a stock option grant for 1,000,000 shares of our common stock that was awarded at $1.28 per share. The stock option grant vests quarterly over four years. The performance grant was not earned as of September 30, 2022. On November 4, 2019, we granted a stock option grant to Philip A. Bosua for 1,200,000 shares with an exercise price of $1.10 per share. The performance grant expires November 4, 2024 and vests upon FDA approval of the UBAND blood glucose monitor. On December 15, 2020, we issued a stock option grant to Phillip A. Bosua for 2,132,200 shares at an exercise price of $1.53 per share. The stock option grant expires in five years. The grant vested in increments if the market capitalization of our commons stock exceeds for 20 consecutive trading days starting at $100 million to $1 billion.  We estimated at grant date the fair value of these options at approximately $595,277 which is being amortized over 5 years.  As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, we recorded an expense of $37,370 and a cumulative expense of $231,321, respectively.  We are valuing this stock option using the Monte Carlo pricing model which included key assumptions of 100% stock volatility, five year life and no forfeitures. The stock option grant was not vested as of September 30, 2023 and 2022. On December 15, 2020, we issued another stock option grant to Phillip A. Bosua for 2,132,195 shares at an exercise price of $1.53 per share. The stock option grants expire in five years. The stock option grants vest when earned based on certain performance criteria. Our common stock began trading on NYSE American under the symbol “KNW” on September 16, 2022 and we expensed $301,249 during the year ended September 30, 2022. On December 16, 2021, we issued a stock option grant to Phillip A. Bosua for 1,300,000 shares at an exercise price of $2.09 per share. The stock option grant expires in five years. The stock option grant vests quarterly over four years. On December 14, 2022, we issued a stock option grant to Philip A. Bosua for 1,250,000 shares at an exercise price of $1.41 per share. The stock option grant expires in five years. The stock option grant vests quarterly over four years. Mr. Bosua resigned from the Board of Directors and from his position as Chief Executive Officer on January 23, 2023. Pursuant to the Separation Agreement, as of January 23, 2023, all of Mr. Bosua’s outstanding stock options listed above ceased vesting as of January 23, 2023, and his vested stock options will remain exercisable until January 23, 2024.  Mr. Bosua forfeited stock option grants for 7,384,795 shares of common stock.

(3) Mr. Peter J. Conley has served as our Chief Financial Officer and SVP Intellectual Property since May 2022. On May 20, 2022, we issued a stock option grant to Mr. Conley for 1,000,000 shares at an exercise price of $1.48 per share. The stock option grant expires in five years. The stock option grant vests quarterly over four years, with no vesting during the first six months.

(4) These amounts reflect the grant date market value as required by Regulation S-K Item 402(n)(2), computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718.

Additional Narrative Disclosure

Retirement Benefits

We have not maintained, and do not currently maintain, a defined benefit pension plan, nonqualified deferred compensation plan or other retirement benefits.

We maintain a 401(k) plan and/or other health and welfare benefit plans in which our NEOs are eligible to participate.

Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control

We have the following potential payments upon termination or change in control with Ronald P. Erickson:

(1) Reflects a salary for twelve months.

(2) Reflects the vesting of stock option grants-non cash.

(3) Reflects the cost of medical benefits for eighteen months.

We have the following potential payments upon termination or change in control with Peter J. Conley:

(1) Reflects a salary for twelve months.

(2) Reflects the vesting of stock option grants- non cash,

Director Compensation

Our independent non-employee directors are primarily compensated with stock option grants and stock grants to attract and retain qualified candidates to serve on the Board, in addition to a $12,500 cash retainer in consideration of board services. In setting director compensation, we consider the significant amount of time that directors expend in fulfilling their duties to us as well as the skill-level required by our members of the Board.

The table below sets forth the compensation paid to our non-employee directors during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. Ronald P. Erickson and Phillip A. Bosua did not receive any compensation for their services as directors. The compensation disclosed in the Summary Compensation Table above represents the total compensation for Mr. Erickson and Mr. Bosua.